2022年全球建筑建造业现状报告：迈向一个零排放、高效且具有抗御力的建筑建造业 英文全.pdf

i 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION Photo credit: Junar Eliang Disclaimers The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of a commercial company or product in this document does not imply endorsement by the United Nations Environment Programme or the authors. The use of information from this document for publicity or advertising is not permitted. Trademark names and symbols are used in an editorial fashion with no intention on infringement of trademark or copyright laws. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Environment Programme. We regret any errors or omissions that may have been unwittingly made. © Maps, photos and illustrations as specified Suggested citation United Nations Environment Programme (2022). 2022 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction: Towards a Zero‑emission, Efficient and Resilient Buildings and Construction Sector. Nairobi. The electronic copy of this report can be downloaded at www.globalabc.org. Production Penrose CDB © 2022 United Nations Environment Programme ISBN No: 978-92-807-3984-8 Job No: DTI/2482/PA This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Environment Programme would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. 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Box 30552, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The 2022 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction was prepared by Prof. Ian Hamilton and Dr. Harry Kennard from University College London (UCL) and Oliver Rapf, Dr. Judit Kockat, Dr. Sheikh Zuhaib, Dr. Zsolt Toth, Margaux Barrett and Caroline Milne from the Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE), with contributions from Dr. Clara Delmastro, Yannick Monschauer and Dr. Chiara Camarasa and Rafael Martinez Gordon from the International Energy Agency (IEA) (The International Energy Agency (IEA) contributed to the 2022 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction by providing data on key energy, emissions and activity metrics for the buildings sector. The IEA data used in this publication is part of the 2022 editions of IEA s Tracking Clean Energy Progress and the Africa Energy Outlook reports.); Ibtissem Bouattay from SC2A; Tunisia Green Building Council; Insaf Ben Othmane and Omar Wanas from Oecumene Spaces for Dignity; Prof. Anna Dyson, Dr. Mae-ling Lokko and Dr. Aly Mohamed from Yale University; Dr. Naomi Keena from McGill University, and Prof Karen Scrivener and Hisham Hafez from École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); with support from Jonathan Duwyn, Pauline Guerecheau, Nora Steurer and Yijun Cui from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction (GlobalABC). The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory organizations. Mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by UNEP. The designations employed and the presentations of material do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or contributory organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries or the designation of its name, frontiers, or boundaries. The mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by UNEP. The International Energy Agency (IEA) contributed to the 2022 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction by providing insights and data on key energy, emissions and activity metrics for the buildings sector. The IEA data used in this publication is part of the 2022 editions of IEA s Tracking Clean Energy Progress and the Africa Energy Outlook reports. Photo credit: James Frewin 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION Abdou Idris Omar, Department of Energy Efficiency in Building, Faculty of Engineering, University of Djibouti Adriana Guadalupe Salazar Ruiz, GIZ Ade Awujoola, G C Modgil, Ahmed Bolbol, ASHRAE Aishwarya Iyer, Yale School of the Environment Alejandra Acevedo, Universidad de Lima Andre-Daniel Mueller, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Switzerland Angelica Ospina, Colombia Green Building Council (Colombia GBC) Anna Zinecker, Programme for Energy Efficiency in Buildings (PEEB)/ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Brian Dean, Sustainable Energy for All Carl Elefante, Architecture 2030, Climate Heritage Network Carlos Bohorquez, Municipality of Medellin, Colombia Christina Cheong, GGGI Christine Lemaitre, German Sustainable Building Council (DGNB) Daniel Rondinel, McGill University Donavan Storey, Reall Duncan Gibb, REN21 Secretariat Edward De Werna Magalhaes, London Southbank University Efren Franco, ICA Elizabeth Chege, Sustainable Energy for All Faisal AlFadl, Saudi Green Building Foum (SGBF) Frederick Wireko Manu, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research- Building and Roads Research Institute (CSIR-BRRI, Ghana) G C Modgil, ASHRAE Grégoire Brethomé, Construction21 Harvey Jones, World Green Building Council (WorldGBC) Ibrahim Niang, AARMBN, Senegal Idriss Kathrada, Inoal/Novasirhe, Fidic Ilyas Essabai, Ministry of National Territory Planning, Urban Planning, Housing and City Policy (MUAT), Kingdom of Morocco Irem Gencer, Yildiz Technical University Jean Carroon, Goody Clancy Jeff Littleton, ASHRAE Jérôme Bilodeau, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) Kamel Sahnoun, President of the Tunisian Order of Engineers Karim Selouane, Resallience Kennedy Matheka, State Department for Public Works, Kenya Kiza Zehra, Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) Kurt Emil Eriksen, VELUX A/S Luca De Giovanetti, World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Ludwig Labuzinski, dena Mark Stewart, Scottish Government Melissa Lott, Centre on Global Energy Policy, CGEP Mina Hasman, SOM Efren Franco, ICA Mokolade Johnson, University of Lagos Moses Itanola, BIM Africa Olu Soluade, AOS Consulting Peter Cox, Climate Heritage Network Peter Graham, Global Buildings Performance Network Rana Kachab, Oecumene „Spaces For Dignity Rebecca Moir, WorldGBC Regis Meyer, Ministry for the Ecological Transition (MTES), French Republic Riadh Bhar, Guidehouse Germany GmbH Rob Bernhardt, Passive House Canada Robyn Pender, Historic England, Climate Heritage Network Roland Hunziker, World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Silke Krawietz, SETA Network Wolfram Schmidt, BAM York Ostermeyer, CUES analytics The authors would like to thank the following members and partners who supported this report with their important contributions, input, comments and reviews: 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION FOREWORD The warnings issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) about the consequences of climate change are no longer warnings. They are reality. In 2022, we saw heatwaves across the globe. We saw wildfires that destroyed forests, homes, and lives. We saw droughts that are threatening the food security of millions of people. If we do not rapidly cut emissions in line with the Paris Agreement, we will be in deeper trouble. Decarbonizing the buildings sector by 2050 is critical to delivering these emission cuts – and to addressing the wider triple planetary crisis of climate change, nature and biodiversity loss, and pollution and waste. However, as the 2022 Buildings Global Status Report shows, the sector is not making the deep systemic changes needed to get on the path to this goal. After the pandemic slowdown, the sector’s operational emissions in 2021 rebounded to two per cent more than the all-time high set in 2019. One positive sign is that investment in building energy efficiency grew around 16 per cent in 2021, but this growth is tentative in the face of a cost-of-living crisis in 2022 and must be sustained to achieve building sector decarbonisation. Building sector energy intensity did not improve in 2021 and renewable energy growth in buildings remains modest, although green building certification are improving. Yet, as the report shows, the sector can change. For example, rising fossil fuel costs make continued investment in energy efficiency more attractive – although the erosion of purchasing power might slow investment. The solution may lie in governments directing relief towards low and zero-carbon building Inger Andersen, Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and Executive Director of the UN Environment Programme investment activities through financial and non- financial incentives, particularly for those who are most vulnerable to energy price shocks. There are also opportunities in rethinking construction materials. Raw resource use is predicted to double by 2060 – with construction materials such as concrete and steel already major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. However, the sector can reduce its impact by, for example, looking at alternative materials and decarbonizing cement. The use of alternative materials is particularly relevant for the African continent, a special focus of the report. Much of the new housing stock over the coming decades will be built in Africa. To avoid increasing emissions and create buildings that are resilient to the impacts of climate change, African countries should look at sustainable construction materials and techniques, in which the continent is rich. Yes, we are running out of time to get on top of the triple planetary crisis. Yes, the buildings sector is not doing enough to change. However, by following the recommendations in this report, the sector can catch up and create buildings that are zero-carbon, resource- efficient and resilient. 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION Photo credit: UNEP Acknowledgements iii Statements of support from GlobalABC members x Executive summary xv 1. Disruptive trends impacting building and construction decarbonization in 2021 and 2022 .25 1.1. Emergent challenges for decarbonizing the building stock .27 1.2. Emissions rebound from COVID and efforts for economic recovery 28 1.3. Solutions for governments and decision makers .28 2. Global Buildings Climate Tracker .32 2.1. Description of the Tracker33 2.2. Status in 2021: Assessing progress towards the 2050 decarbonization goal 34 2.3. Post-pandemic rebound and economic recovery 34 2.4. Decarbonization progress since the Paris Agreement .35 2.5. Summary of the results 36 3. Global buildings and construction status .37 3.1. Construction activities global and regional 38 3.2. Energy in the buildings and construction sector 41 3.3. Emissions in the buildings sector 42 3.4. IPCC AR6 findings for buildings.44 4. Sustainable buildings and construction policies 46 4.1. International policy and nationally determined contributions .47 4.2. Building energy codes 50 4.3. Zero-emission/energy codes and the Paris Agreement 52 4.4. Green building certification .53 4.5. Minimum energy performance standards and labels 55 5. Investment and financing for sustainable buildings .57 TABLE OF CONTENTS vi 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION 6. Regional focus: Africa .59 6.1. Introduction .60 6.2. Decarbonizing the African buildings and construction sector 65 6.3. The route to net zero through national initiatives .67 7. Topic focus: Building materials .71 7.1. Building materials and the climate: Status and solutions .72 7.2. Towards the adoption of a whole-life-cycle and systems-thinking approach 73 7.3. Challenge: Procurement and implementation of materials – from data to actionable knowledge 74 7.4. Avoiding carbon emissions by building better, and (with) less .75 7.5. Adapt and shift by using biobased processes to reduce carbon emissions .77 7.6. Reducing the carbon emissions and urban heat island effect of concrete surfaces through biomaterials (green roofs, facades and walls) .77 7.7. Summary of industry trends and impediments to global decarbonization of building materials 79 7.8. Case study: Shift – low-carbon building alternatives in West Africa 81 7.9. Case study: Adapt – Carbon footprint of building materials and housing typologies in rapidly developing urban India .82 7.10. Case study: shift-Neighbourhood-level life-cycle carbon footprint in Finland .83 8. Roadmaps for buildings and construction .84 8.1. GlobalABC support and coordination on roadmaps .85 8.2. ASEAN Roadmap for Energy-Efficient Buildings and Construction 85 8.3. Danish National Strategy for Sustainable Construction 85 8.4. Colombia Net Zero Carbon Building roadmap 85 8.5. Roadmap for an Energy Efficient, Low-Carbon Buildings and Construction Sector in Indonesia 86 8.6. EU Policy Whole Life Carbon Roadmap for buildings .86 8.7. Emerging roadmap activities .86 9. Key recommendations for policy and decision makers 88 References 91 Annex: Global Buildings Climate Tracker 100 vii 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION Figure 1. Global buildings and construction key trends 2015 and 2021 .16 Figure 2. Direct reference path to a zero-carbon building stock target in 2050 (left); zoom into the period between 2015 and 2021, comparing the observed Global Buildings Climate Tracker to the reference path (right) .17 Figure 3. Energy consumption in buildings by fuel, 2010-2021 (left) and CO 2 emissions in buildings 2010-2021 (right) 18 Figure 4. Mentions of buildings across all countries’ latest NDCs19 Figure 5. Africa’s final energy consumption by sector 2020-2030 21 Figure 6. From data to actionable knowledge: How to get the right information to stakeholders at the right phase of the built environment process life cycle in order to facilitate maximum decarbonization through systems-thinking.22 Figure 7. Global buildings energy demand and floor area growth under the IEA Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario 26 Figure 8. Composition of the Global Buildings Climate Tracker showing its elements