Dual use Batteries for Stationary Storage

Dual use Batteries for Stationary Storage Benefit of Mass Produced EV’s Cormac O’Laoire, Electrios Disclaimer: The statements in this presentation represent the considered views of Electrios. This presentation contains forecasts and forward looking information. Such forecasts, projections and information are not a guarantee of future performance, and involve unknown risks and uncertainties. Actual results and developments will almost certainly differ materially from those expressed or implied. Electrios has not audited or investigated the accuracy or completeness of the information, statements and opinions contained in this presentation. Electrios makes no representation and can give no assurance, guarantee or warranty, express or implied, as to, and takes no responsibility and assumes no liability for, the authenticity, validity, accuracy, suitability or completeness of, or any errors in or omission, from any information, statement or opinion contained in this presentation. While Electrios has made every reasonable effort to ensure the validity of the information presented it cannot expressly guarantee the accuracy and reliability of the estimates, forecasts and conclusions contained herein. Accordingly, the statements in the presentation should be used for general guidance only Disclaimer Electrios Technology Consultants EV & Lithium Batter y Energy Transition Era Energy Storage Technology Renewable Capacity Renewables-Hydropower: -Wind energy-Bioenergy -Solar energy-Geothermal energy Energy Transition Era Electricity generation from natural gas and renewables increases, and the shares of nuclear and coal generation decrease Lower natural gas prices and declining costs of renewablecapacity make these fuels increasingly competitive Renewable Capacity Large-scale energy storage capacity additions almost exclusively electrochemical (or battery) storage. Li-ion represented more than 80% of the installed power and energy capacity in the United States. Li-ion is the technology of choice because its ready now and commercially available. Electrochemical Energy Storage Lithium Ion-85% of the new capacity stationary applications.-Short duration - (0.5- 10 hours) -Energy is available within seconds .-NMC & LFP most widely utilized Utility Applications-Frequency regulation, load shifting, -Bulk renewable power management.-Micro Grid -Behind-the-meter (BTM) batteries EV Battery Chemistry Global stock of electric passenger cars ∼ 5 million Lithium Ion Materials Balance cell safety & energy density (range). Space saving- more cells less modules. Thermal Cooling Theoretical capacity NMC 622- 280 mAh/g Practical - 250 Wh/kg Pack level - 350wh/kg Source: Roadmap integrierte Zell und Batterieproduktion Deutschland , 2016 Conversion- reaction cathodes Sulfur (Li2S) and oxygen ( Li2O). -Li plating and stripping issues. -SEI formation & volume change Conversion electrodes (Si, Sn, Sb, Ge, P) Volume changes, particle pulverization, continuous formation of SEI & lithium loss Increase Voltage Unstable with organic electrolytes at 4.3 V Solid electrolytes offers stability Increase Charge Increasing charge capacities of both the anode & cathode Ultra Low Cost batteries Source: Roadmap integrierte Zell und Batterieproduktion Deutschland , 2016 - Sulfur & Sodium are cheap, abundant high energy density elements - Air-breathing aqueous sulfur flow battery - Wind and solar displace carbon intensive through cost-effective electrical storage. - To be comparable to natural gas, batteries have to cost less than $20 per kWhr. Conclusions ● Progress in energy Storage will have major impact on society ● Li-ion market shift into grid storage. ● Reduction of cobalt in existing chemistries, aiming to reduce cost and increase energy density, currently best solution to reach 300Wh/kg ● Novel materials with new reaction mechanism is important for beyond lithium. ● Solid state lithium will move the industry to 1000Wh/l ● Increasing wind and solar deployments will drive the development of new ultra low cost battery chemistries based on earth abundant elements Any questions? Cormac O’Laoire, Electrios cormac@electrios.com +(852) 6171-6010