确保清洁能源技术供应链（英）-IEA.pdf

Securing Clean Energy Technology Supply ChainsThe IEA examines the full spectrum of energy issues including oil, gas and coal supply and demand, renewable energy technologies, electricity markets, energy efficiency, access to energy, demand side management and much more. Through its work, the IEA advocates policies that will enhance the reliability, affordability and sustainability of energy in its 31 member countries, 10 association countries and beyond. Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/t CO 2 captured from ammonia plants for use in urea manufacturing is excluded. Securing clean energy technology supply chains | International Energy Agency 9 Table 1 Key milestones for clean energy technologies in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario 2020 2030 2050 Solar PV Solar accounts for roughly 3% of global electricity generation Annual capacity additions of around 130 GW Nearly 25% annual growth required over 2020-2030 More than 600 GW per year of capacity additions Solar accounts for over 30% of global electricity generation Hydrogen Production of low- emissions hydrogen is less than 0.8% of total production Global electrolyser capacity is around 0.3 GW. CO 2 captured in low emissions hydrogen production is around 10 Mt Hydrogen demand is less than 90 Mt Production of low- emissions hydrogen reaches 70% Global electrolyser capacity must increase to close to 850 GW CO 2 captured in low- emissions hydrogen production must increase around 70-fold from 2020 levels Annual investment in hydrogen reaches USD 165 billion Global electrolyser capacity must increase to around 3 600 GW of capacity CO 2 captured in low- emissions hydrogen production must increase 180-fold from 2020 levels Hydrogen demand multiples almost six-fold, with half of this demand in industry and transport. Annual investments reach USD 470 billion Electric Vehicles Around 16.5 million EVs on the road Battery demand for EVs is around 340 GWh EVs account for 20% of the global stock Battery metal demand for EVs increases by around one-third per year for lithium and around 10% for nickel and for cobalt over 2020-2030 EVs account for 86% of the global stock of passenger cars At over 60% of the total, batteries account for the lion’s share of the estimated market for clean energy technology equipment The new energy security paradigm Striving for net zero will redefine global energy security The clean energy transition is fundamentally changing the nature of energy security. The IEA defines energy security broadly as the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price. There are several aspects to this. Long-term security hinges on the timeliness of investments to supply energy in line with demand, while short-term security is linked to the ability of the energy system to react promptly to sudden changes in the supply-demand balance. Until recently, discussions about energy security were largely focused on the supply of fossil fuels, notably oil. Indeed,