中国碳中和茶叶生产：三个试点案例研究（英）-中国农业科学院&FAQ.pdf

Carbon neutral tea production in China Three pilot case studies Carbon neutral tea production in China Three pilot case studies Published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Required citation: FAO and CAAS. 2021. Carbon neutral tea production in China – Three pilot case studies. Rome. https:// doi.org/10.4060/cb4580en The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO or CAAS in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO or CAAS. ISBN 978-92-5-134373-9 [FAO] © FAO, 2021 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http:// www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/ publications) and can be purchased through publications-sales@fao.org. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: se a: copyright@fao.org. Cover photograph: ©FAO/Yinlong Xu Back photograph: ©FAO/Kuo Li iii Contents Foreword vii Acknowledgements viii Acronyms ix Symbols and units . x Executive summary xi Introduction .1 Rationale 2 I. Tea in China: production model and climatic vulnerabilities .4 Climatic zoning of tea production in China .7 Impacts of climate change on tea production in China .8 Vulnerability of tea production to climate change .12 II. At the tea garden level: choosing three pilot case studies 13 Tea industry in the three pilot counties 14 Basic information about the three pilot tea gardens 15 Climate change challenges faced by the three pilot tea gardens 17 Vulnerability to climate change 20 III. Carbon neutral tea production: the how-to .21 Securing tea production with adaptation measures .21 Mitigation measures for low carbon tea production in China .26 Increasing carbon sequestration and sinks .26 Reducing greenhouse gas emissions at farm-level .27 Improving the tea garden’s ecological system .27 Enhancing energy use efficiency .28 Efficient use of water through digital innovation .31 Offset measures for carbon neutral tea production .33 IV. Accounting GHG emissions in pilot tea gardens .34 Scope of GHG emissions accounting .35 Inventory data and assumptions .36 Data in cradle-to-retail stages .36 Data in consumption stages .40 GHG emissions in the pilot tea gardens .40 Cradle-to-retail GHG emissions .40 GHG emissions at the consumption stage .41 Carbon sink in pilot tea gardens .41 The field sampling for long-term carbon storage estimation .41 The carbon sink accounting from te a gardens .46 Net GHG emissions in the pilot tea gardens .46 Proposed offset measures for pilot tea gardens .47 iv V. Certification and labelling .49 Opportunities for certification .51 Challenges for certification .51 Recommendations to obtain certification .52 VI. A way forward: achieving carbon neutral tea production .54 The added value of a carbon neutral tea value chain .55 Scalability .56 VII. Final remarks .58 Limitations of the Report .59 Suggestions and recommendations for policymakers .60 Insights for South-South Cooperation .61 Glossary .62 Annexes .64 References .68 v Figures Figure ES 1. Intensity of GHG emissions from three pilot tea gardens at different stages of the value chain xiv Figure ES 2. Intensity of GHG emissions, carbon sink and net emissions in three pilot tea gardens xiv Figure ES 3. Conceptual pathway for carbon neutrality in tea production xv Figure 1. The relationship between low carbon agriculture and carbon neutrality 3 . Figure 2. Economic tea zoning in Mainland China 4 Figure 3. The cultivation area of tea in China and globally 5 Figure 4. Tea yields in China and globally 6 Figure 5. Tea exports from China and globally 6 Figure 6. Four main climatic zones for tea cultivation in Mainland China 7 Figure 7. Location of three pilot tea gardens in China: Dabu in Meizhou, Guangdong Province; Longquan and Songyang in Lishui, Zhejiang Province 13 Figure 8. The trend of annual Tm, Tmax, Tmin, and the annual extreme daily Tmax and Tmin from 1970 to 2017 in the three pilot counties 18 Figure 9. Seasonal (spring, summer, and autumn) consecutive dry days (CDD) in the three pilot counties from 1971 to 2017 19 Figure 10. Sprinkle irrigation and drip irrigation facilities in the three pilot tea gardens .24 Figure 11. Coloured sticky traps and solar insecticidal lamps in three pilot tea gardens .25 Figure 12. Automatic data collection Irrigation system .31 Figure 13. Comparison of usual and trial tea gardens affected by heat damage in July 2017 .31 Figure 14. Comparison of usual and trial tea gardens affected by frost damage in March 2018 .32 Figure 15. The emission accounting framework for the life cycle of tea production .36 Figure 16. The activities of tea production in Songyang, Zhejiang province (8 August 2018) .38 Figure 17. Intensity of GHG emissions from three pilot tea gardens at different stages of the value chain 41 Figure 18. The distribution of samples of soil and biomass from tea gardens 42 Figure 19. Tea plant sampling (field survey carried out in Dabu and Longquan, 4–8 August 2018) 43 Figure 20. Intensity of GHG emissions, carbon sink and net emissions in three pilot tea gardens 47 Figure 21. Percentage of carbon emissions for different production stages in three pilot tea gardens 48 Figure 22. Conceptual pathway for carbon neutrality in tea production 54 vi Tables Table 1. Top 10 countries with the highest tea yields and exports in 2017 .1 Table 2. Background information on the three pilot tea gardens .16 Table 3. Information about plucking and irrigation in three pilot tea gardens .17 Table 4. Vulnerability of the three pilot tea gardens to climate change 20 Table 5. Adaptation measures adopted in China to protect tea from unpredicted temperature changes and drought 22 Table 6. Adaptation measures adopted in the three pilot tea gardens 23 Table 7. Measures for increasing carbon sequestration and sinks 26 Table 8. Measures and effects of GHG emissions reduction 27 Table 9. Measures and effects of an improved ecological system 28 Table 10. Measures and effects of increased energy use efficiency 30 Table 11. Emission factors from tea production in three pilot gardens during cradle-to-retail stages 37 Table 12. Emission factors at the tea consumption stage 40 Table 13. Detailed information about tea trees in three pilot tea gardens 45 Table 14. Detailed information of soil TOC in three pilot tea gardens 45 Table 15. Summary of certification schemes applied to tea production 50 Table 16. Comparison of traditional and carbon neutral tea value chains 55 Box 1. Carbon neutral and low carbon agriculture .3 Box 2. FAO and low carbon certification and labelling .53 Box 3. FAO’s Global Low Carbon Initiatives for Tea Production (GLI-TEA) .57 vii Foreword Climate change is one of the greatest global challenges we face today, severely degrading agricultural productive capacities, and the natural resources and ecosystems on which they rely. It hits poorer communities the hardest, disproportionately affecting those most vulnerable and least able to adapt. Agriculture and food security depend on climate action today more than ever before. As explained in the IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land (2019), the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector is responsible for about 25 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions, a part of which comes from food systems and agricultural value chains. Despite this, the agriculture sectors can be an important part of the solution to climate change through adaptation and mitigation efforts. In order to achieve the central goal of the Paris Agreement to stay “well below” two degrees Celsius above pre- industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 °C, rethinking sustainable agriculture and GHG emissions is critical. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has been making advances in low carbon and carbon neutral approaches for sustainable agricultural development, making use of potential synergies between climate mitigation and adaptation through innovative agricultural production systems and their value chains. As part of FAO’s Strategy on Climate Change, the Organization, along with its partners, is developing low carbon initiatives, based on emission reductions along entire agricultural value chains, with tea and its business model being the first commodity to be evaluated. This report, with tea as central commodity, presents how research and technology development, monitoring and assessment, standards for production and new market schemes can lead to a new approach to sustainable food and agriculture systems. The tea industry and its value chain generate about 15 to 19 kg of CO2eq for each kilogram of tea produced, attributable to several sources, including fertilizers applied to soils, the production of pesticides and herbicides, electricity used for irrigation and processing, as well as fossil fuels used in transport. At the same time, tea is vulnerable to the effects of climate change, particularly to extreme temperature events and changes in rainfall patterns. As the largest producer and consumer of tea in the world, China is collaborating with FAO to develop an overall framework and minimum standards for sustainable tea production. This report, developed in collaboration with the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), assesses the potential of low carbon and carbon neutral approaches to tea production. Based on the lessons learned from this study, FAO expects to transfer and exchange knowledge through South-South Cooperation with other tea-producing countries. The development of low carbon tea production in Kenya, the world’s largest tea exporter, will be the first initiative. It aims to lay the groundwork to standardize this approach and to upscale it regionally and globally, while building a tea sector that reduces its environmental impact and is more resilient to climate change. Furthermore, the experiences of this pilot study will demonstrate the advantages of low carbon approaches to the private sector, including cost saving due to efficiency, lower capital costs, improved public and private sector partnerships, as well as higher price premiums. Successful cases of low carbon approaches, shared among stakeholders, can then address climate change along agricultural value chains, to develop further low carbon and carbon neutral markets. As we re-shape and build new food systems to feed the future, decisive climate action will be our defining challenge. Whether producer or consumer, from farmer to policymaker, in rural or urban contexts – we are all stewards of the natural resources and ecosystems that sustain us. United in action, we can become resilient. René Castro Salazar Assistant Director-General Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations viii Acknowledgements This report is an output of a pioneering project by the Climate Change Team of the Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture of the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (IEDA, CAAS), supported by the Department of International Cooperation of CAAS. The pilot project on carbon neutral tea production in China was financially supported by the Office of Climate Change, Biodiversity and Environment (OCB) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), who piloted a methodology for accounting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from tea production in specific tea gardens in Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces. We wish to acknowledge the following persons and institutions for their contributions to the report: Coordinating lead author: Yinlong Xu Lead authors: Kuo Li, Xin Ma, Yingchun Li, Xinyue Zhang and Sergio A. Zelaya Contributing authors: Xinhua Li, Lei Zhang, Yuncheng Zhao, Jiliang Ma, Lucas Amorelli Ribeiro Kornexl, Paula Casamayor, Carolin Busch, Karem del Castillo, Wenyan Han, Peng Yan, Xin Li, Qiang Xiao and Liping Zhang Translation, proofreading and layout: Mingzhou Shen, Christabel Clark, Raissa D’uffizi, Karem del Castillo and Alexandro Maria Ruocco Editors: Karem del Castillo and Lucas Amorelli Ribeiro Kornexl Several colleagues contributed to the report, including Vanda Ferreira dos Santos, Mingzhou Shen, Kristof Horvath, Karla Pita Vidal and Jean Luc M