2019年 GSMA-移动技术对减少碳排放量的影响（英文）-2019.12-92页

The Enablement Effect The impact of mobile communications technologies on carbon emission reductionsContents Summary of Findings 15 Smart Buildings Smart Energy Smart Living, Working, and Health Smart Transport and Cities Smart Agriculture Smart Manufacturing Foreword 6 Executive Summary 9 Background 12 High level methodology description 36 Conclusion 37 Appendices 38 Appendix 1 – Table of Detailed results Appendix 2 – Methodology Appendix 3 – Assumptions Appendix 4 – Data Sources and References Appendix 5 – Companies reporting avoided emissionsThe GSMA represents the interests of mobile operators worldwide, uniting more than 750 operators with almost 400 companies in the broader mobile ecosystem, including handset and device makers, software companies, equipment providers and internet companies, as well as organisations in adjacent industry sectors. The GSMA also produces the industry- leading MWC events held annually in Barcelona, Los Angeles and Shanghai, as well as the Mobile 360 Series of regional conferences. For more information, please visit the GSMA corporate website at www.gsma.com Follow the GSMA on Twitter: @GSM Established in 2001, the Carbon Trust works with businesses, governments and institutions around the world, helping them contribute to, and benefit from, a more sustainable future through carbon reduction, resource efficiency strategies, and commercializing low carbon businesses, systems and technologies. Headquartered in London, the Carbon Trust has a global team of over 30 nationalities based across five continents.6 The Enablement Effect Foreword To avoid the worst impacts of climate change, the science tells us to halve global carbon emissions by 2030. That was the stark picture painted by the IPCC special report ‘Global Warming of 1.5°C’. The mobile telecommunications industry has already demonstrated leadership with a focus on investment, innovation and efficiency resulting in substantial carbon reductions. The sector’s ongoing development of connected technologies, is releasing a wave of low carbon innovation across many other sectors of industry and society. But can the global impact of these technologies be captured and quantified? The Carbon Trust, has worked closely with the GSMA to examine the enabling role that mobile telecommunications are having on reducing carbon emissions across the economy. It was astonishing to see that this enabled over 2,000 million tonnes of CO 2 in 2018 alone. This is almost ten times greater than the total CO 2 emissions of the mobile networks globally. It’s a great start, but we cannot be complacent. To harness its full potential, governments, businesses and consumers should explore and embrace the opportunities presented in this technological revolution. Tom Delay, Chief Executive of the Carbon Trust7 The Enablement Effect The global mobile industry recently came together to take collaborative action to tackle the climate emergency, demonstrating how the private sector can show leadership and responsibility in addressing one of the gravest challenges facing our planet. As part of a major new GSMA-led initiative, more than 50 mobile operators are now disclosing their climate footprint, energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions via the internationally recognised CDP global disclosure system. And that’s just the start. By 2020, we will have in place a decarbonisation pathway for the mobile industry that will set the parameters for achieving net zero GHG emissions in line with the Paris Agreement. However, while getting our own house in order is important, mobile’s greatest positive climate impact lies in its potential to enable other sectors of the economy to reduce their own emissions. Today mobile connects more than five billion people - around two-thirds of the global population. We’re increasingly connecting machines and ‘Things’ too, thanks to advancements in technologies such as M2M and IoT. These two trends provide us with a unique opportunity to use mobile as a tool to decarbonise elsewhere in the economy. To understand the scale of this opportunity we have worked with the Carbon Trust to update and expand previous research on avoided emissions. This study considers six different categories, across 33 subcategories and 14 different countries. It has resulted in a powerful appraisal of where the mobile industry is having the greatest impact and where we can do more. Climate is the defining issue of our time and taking the right course of action has never been more important. A decarbonised world is a digital world and we are calling on every sector of the global economy to work with us to rise to this challenge. Mats Granryd, Director General, GSMA9 The Enablement Effect Executive Summary Climate change is the most urgent, global issue that we face today and is one which will impact generations to come. Delaying or limiting decarbonisation efforts will be disastrous for society and will limit our ability to transition to a low carbon economy. 1 Transitioning within the necessary timeframe will require the use of technologies that enable rapid emission reductions. This is where the mobile sector has a key role to play. By increasing connectivity, improving efficiency and impacting behaviour change, mobile network enabled technologies are helping avoid emissions. In 2018, the enabling impact of mobile communication technologies globally was estimated to be around 2,135 million tonnes CO 2 e – similar to the total GHG emissions emitted by Russia in 2017. 2 The total annual emissions of the mobile sector are approximately 220 MtCO 2 e, 3 which is about 0.4% of total global emissions. Compared to the global carbon footprint of mobile networks themselves, the level of avoided emissions enabled by mobile communications technologies is 10 times greater – a tenfold positive impact. The majority of these avoided emissions result from a decrease in electricity, gas, and fuel consumption. In 2018, mobile communications technologies enabled a decrease in 1.44 billion MWh of electricity and gas, and 521 billion litres of fuel, globally. These totals would be enough electricity and gas to power more than 70 million houses for an entire year in the US, 4 and enough fuel for all 32.5 million registered UK passenger cars to drive for 19 years. 5 Digitisation is expected to disrupt all parts of the economy over the next decade and, if sufficient policy and investment is received, has the potential to be a key driver of low carbon development. A similar 2015 report, with a European and North American scope, concluded that mobile technologies had a 5:1 enablement ratio compared to the footprint of the industry. 6 Published four years later, this report has seen a doubling in enablement savings, to 10:1. By 2025, estimates based on projections of smartphone users and increases in number of IoT connections could result in a further doubling of the avoided emissions enabled by mobile technologies. The world needs to halve emissions by 2030 to limit global overheating to 1.5°C. Mobile network enabled technologies form an important part of the decarbonisation solution, enabling rapid emission reductions while improving quality of life and supporting economic growth. The Carbon Trust has developed this report for GSMA to provide a global overview of the enablement impact that mobile communications technologies currently have on reducing GHG emissions, across various sectors. The report offers context and provides a high-level analysis of six categories of enabling mechanisms, along with case studies. The six different categories are: • Smart Buildings • Smart Energy • Smart Living, Working, and Health • Smart Transport and Cities • Smart Agriculture • Smart Manufacturing 1. IPCC (2014), Summary for Policymakers, Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, pp. 12. 2. OECD.Stat, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, https:/ /stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AIR_GHG# 3. Mobile sector emissions of 220 MtCO 2 e includes the energy to operate the networks, the embodied emissions of the networks, and the emissions of handsets (see Appendix 2 for details). 4. IEA Statistics 5. Department of Transport – GOV.UK (2018), VEH0105 and TRA0101; BEIS (2018), Conversion Factors 6. GeSI (2015), Mobile Carbon Impact10 The Enablement Effect FIGURE 1 Enabled Avoided Carbon Emissions by Category in 2018 This is the first time a report has attempted to assess the enablement impact of mobile communications technology at a global scale. To quantify the total global avoided emissions, 14 countries (in six regions) were identified as a representative global sample from which to extrapolate. This sample consists of France, UK, Spain, Germany, Kenya, Egypt, South Africa, South Korea, China, India, Brazil, Mexico, US, and Australia. 7% SMART ENERGY 11% SMART MANUFACTURING 30% SMART TRANSPORT AND CITIES 39% SMART WORKING, LIVING AND HEALTH 10% SMART BUILDINGS 3% SMART AGRICULTURE TOP 5 SMART TRANSPORT AND CITIES SUB-CATEGORIES (% OF GLOBAL TOTAL) TOP 5 SMART LIVING, WORKING AND HEALTH SUB-CATEGORIES (% OF GLOBAL TOTAL) 7% VIDEO-CALLING WITH FRIENDS AND FAMILIES 10% ACCOMMODATION SHARING 10% AUDIO CONFERENCING 5% MOBILE SHOPPING 2% MOBILE BAKING 2% WORKING FROM HOME 3% OTHER 7% USABILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT 5% SEA FLEET – EFFICIENT ROUTING 5% FLEET VEHICLE DRIVER BEHAVIOUR IMPROVEMENT 4% SMART LOGISTICS - EFFICIENT ROUTING smart technologies connecting one machine to another (M2M technologies), also known as the internet of things (IoT), and behaviour changes from the personal use of smartphones. The majority of avoided emissions from M2M technologies are primarily in buildings, transport, manufacturing, and the energy sector: • Savings in buildings are a result of technologies that improve energy efficiency and encourage behaviour change, reducing gas and electricity consumption. Among these technologies are building management systems and smart meters. • Mobile communication technology enables the reduction of transport emissions in various ways. It acts as a catalyst for the increase in electric vehicles by facilitating the use of charging points, and, through telematics, creates an improvement in route optimisation and vehicle fuel efficiency. • Within manufacturing, the use of mobile technology for storage and inventory management greatly reduces the overall level of inventory and area needed, increasing efficiency and decreasing energy use for lighting and cooling. • Smart grids within the energy sector utilise mobile communications technology to help monitor and regulate electricity demand and transmission, to improve coordination and distribution efficiency. Additionally, small-scale renewable electricity generators are able to participate in the wider market by using M2M connections, increasing the amount of green and local energy in the national grid. To analyse the use of smartphones to facilitate behaviour change, the Carbon Trust commissioned a global survey study of more than 6,000 smartphone users in the UK, China, India, USA, Mexico, Brazil, and South Africa. From this research, significant avoided emissions were seen in the areas of: • Reduced travel for commuting and for leisure • Increased use of public transport by using apps providing real-time updates • Accommodation sharing for short stays and holidays • Reducing travel by use of mobile shopping and mobile banking apps Categories of enablement such as agriculture and health are not currently showing a significant impact on avoided emissions. However, both are important as they hold significant future opportunities of enablement by mobile communications technology.12 The Enablement Effect Background Climate change is the current most pressing global issue; if left unchecked, it will cause momentous disruption. Changes in the environment could displace millions, transforming entire communities into climate refugees, and devastate the natural resources our economies and societies rely on. In the Paris Agreement, governments worldwide committed to maintain the global average temperature rise at well below 2°C, and to aim for 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels.7 Keeping global temperature rise at this level is essential to avoid severe consequences caused by climate change. However, at current temperature rising rates, ‘business as usual’ and reduction initiatives will not be sufficient. Companies must therefore look beyond reducing their own direct emissions and understand how they can better abate other sectors’ emissions too. Enablement, also referred to as the enablement effect, is any mechanism which, through its use, facilitates the avoidance of carbon emissions. An example of an enablement mechanism is mobile banking, which allows customers to avoid travelling to a bank branch. On the other hand, smart meters, made operable by M2M mobile technology, stimulate emission reduction behaviour change by increasing awareness and providing easy monitoring systems of energy and water use. With growing consumer pressure and the need to mitigate climate risk, investors, rather than focusing solely on divesting investments in high emission companies, are favouring companies who actively provide solutions that tackle climate change. Investors and financial institutions want to have a better understanding of the types of key technologies and business models that will assist in the transition and succeed in a future low carbon economy. Analysing avoided emissions allows companies to demonstrate how their product or service has both a positive impact and is a secure investment. With the scale of investment required, the private sector will play an important role in financing climate change mitigation. Institutions and organisations are now providing guidance for those looking to invest. One such example is the anticipated EU Taxonomy, which will provide specific criteria for investors to use to help identify which sustainable activities to invest in. The ICT sector is one of its seven sectors of focus, and this report’s methodology and its findings will complement the EU Taxonomy, providing both an assessment approach and evidence of the avoided emissions enabled by mobile communications technology. Development banks are also taking action on climate change. We are seeing an increase in the uptake of policies requiring future investments to contribute in some form to climate change mitigation or adaption, regardless of the sector. As development banks begin to assess the impact their investments have on climate change mitigation and adaptation, the need for available metrics and the ability to quantify impact becomes increasingly necessary. Work on avoided emissions for the ICT sector has existed for over 10 years, with some of the early analysis produced by GeSI with its SMART2020 report and its Enablement Methodology report, published in 2008 and 2010 respectively. Other work has built on these original reports, including work currently