城市绿色基础设施探讨：以发展中国家城市为例--诺丁汉大学.pdf

城 市绿色基础设施探讨 : 以发展中国家城市为例 Urban Green Infrastructure: for Cities of Developing Countries 0 Part of the ELITH Project Report Documents Ali Cheshmehzangi and Chris Butters 前 言 发展中国家的城市大多处在炎热的气 候带中，并正在迅速发展。他们未来 的能源和环境影响是一个主要问题。 世界各地的例子表明，城市可以用一 个更可持续的方式计划和建设，并且 不需要较高的成本。 城 市的绿色基础设施包括其开放空间、 植被、公园、湖泊和水文要素。这些 设施用于提供新鲜空气和休闲场所， 并过滤污染物，也是城市通风的关键。 如果计划合理，他们有助于建设更少 污染、更健康、更凉爽的城市，并大 大降低城市的能源需求和成本。 一 些最有效的环境规划往往是是简 单廉价的。所以，在对已存在的解决 方案有更深刻的认识和了解的情况下， 更环保、更舒适、更可持续发展的城 市是可以实现的。通常观点下，可持 续发展方案不是太贵，就是很难被政 府强制执行。所以我们更偏向于现实 的途径和政策，而不是那种无谓地阻 碍开发商或者严重受制约的规划。 2 Foreword Developing country cities are mostly in hot climates and are growing very rapidly. Their future energy and environmental impacts are a major concern. Examples worldwide show that cities can be planned and built in a more sustainable way – without significantly higher costs. The green infrastructures of a city are its open spaces, vegetation, parks, lakes and water features. They provide fresh air and recreation, but they can also filter pollutants and are a key to urban ventilation. If well planned they help to make a city less polluted, healthier and also cooler, considerably reducing the city’s energy needs and costs. Some of the most effective environmental planning is simple and inexpensive. In many cases greener, more comfortable and sustainable cities can be achieved – given more awareness and knowledge about solutions that already exist. One hears often that sustainable solutions are either too expensive, or difficult for city authorities to enforce. We prefer realistic approaches and policies which do not needlessly hinder developers or require heavily restrictive planning. 在 一个通常注重城市快速发展 ， 城区扩展 和采用粗放型增长模式的发展中国家里 ， “绿色基础设施 ”往往是一个被忽视的部分 。 ‘Green Infrastructure’ is a neglected part of cities of developing countries, where the focus is often on rapid urban growth, urban expansion and extensive development. 3 4 目 录 / Table of Contents 概要 / Executive Summary 各领域建 议 / Implication Across Sectors 城市规划和绿色基础设施 / City Planning and Green Infrastructure 绿色 （ 植被 ） / Green (Vegetation) 蓝色 （ 水文 ） / Blue (Water) 红色 （ 能源 ） / Red (Energy) 白色 （ 空气 ） / White (Air) 发展中国家城市的普遍问题 / General Issues for Cities of Developing Countries 实 例 - 马尔默 ， 瑞 典 / Example – Malmo, Sweden 实 例 - 肯 戈埃里 ， 印 度 / Example – Kengeri, India 实 例 - 松 岛 ， 韩 国 / Example – Songdo, South Korea 实 例 - 天 津生态城 ， 中国 / Example – Tianjin Eco-city, China 指导方针 / Guidelines 前进的道路 / The Way Forward 主触 点 / Main Contacts Dr Ali Cheshmehzangi The University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ali.Cheshmehzangi@nottingham.edu.cn Released August 2015 Mr Chis Butters The University of Warwick C.P.Butters@warwick.ac.uk 05 06 07 09 19 概要 / Executive Summary 绿色基础设施是村庄、城镇和城市之间的物质环境。它代表着用绿色（和蓝色） 要素构成的在城市周围的网络，加强并维护环境系统，以支持维系高质量生活。 Green infrastructure is the physical environment within and between our villages, towns and cities. It is the network of green (and blue) elements in and around urban areas, enhancing and maintaining the environmental systems to sustain and maintain quality of life. 这份文件强调了绿色基础设施在城市规划设计中的重要性。四个关键元素 绿色 （植被）”，“蓝色（水文），红色（能源）和白色（空气）是本文探索的主要 内容，并且提出了实现可持续发展的设计规划方法。最后在四个全球性的例子中， 文章讨论了这些城市绿色基础设施的关键要素。 This document highlights the importance of green infrastructure in urban planning and design. Four key elements of ‘Green (Vegetation)’, ‘Blue (Water)’, Red (Energy) and White (Air) are explored as part of this document, suggesting approaches to achieve sustainable design and planning. Four global examples are then presented to discuss these key elements of green infrastructure in cities. 5 各领域建 议 / Implications Across Sectors 篇 文章中所示的解决方案给以下领域提供重要思路 ： • 决策者和城市领导 • 地产开发商和建筑商 • 规划师和设计 师 以 上团体协同合作是制定共赢方案的最好的方式。只有这样才能发现更详细的建议和信息 。 The solutions illustrated in this short brochure have important implications for: • policy makers and city leaders • property developers and builders • planners and designers Bringing these groups together is the best way to identify win-win solutions. More detailed advice and information is not hard to find. 6 7 City Planning and Green Infrastructure Some urban districts and communities have already managed to reduce their climate emissions and energy use by over 75%. A few have managed to cut out the use of fossil fuels entirely. A city’s overall layout and its green and blue infrastructures are the foundation for this. Why is it seldom done? There are many barriers, from local politics to land prices or lack of knowledge. In many countries there are few if any planning laws, few skilled planners, and few means of controlling the urban development. Without a coordinated city plan, and with continuing inefficient building practices, golden opportunities are missed to avoid energy and climatic impacts and rising future costs for the authorities as well as citizens of future generations. 城 市规划和 绿色基础设施 一些城市社区和地区已经设法减少了超过 75%的排放和能耗。 部分区域已经不再使用化石燃料。一个城市的总体布局与代 表色为绿色和蓝色的基础设施正是这些成果的重要基础因素。 问题是又为什么很少去这样做呢？因为有地方政策到土地价 格及缺乏知识等许多障碍。许多国家中，都只有计划过的法 律，缺失的有经验的规划者和少量控制城市发展的手段。如 果没有一个协调的城市计划，只有持续低效的建造方式，避 免能源和气候影响，减少当局以及公民后代生活成本的黄金 机会将会被错过。 8 绿色 - 土壤 —植被、土壤、绿荫、氧化作用、生 物多样性、噪声治理、污染物过 滤； 下面的章节简要讨论可持续解决方案的四个 主要基础设施领域并对其举例说明： GREEN – earth – vegetation, soil – shade, oxygenation, biodiversity, noise abatement, pollutant filtration; BLUE – water – pools, streams, fountains – infiltration, evaporation, purification, recycling, cooling; RED – energy – bioclimatic urban design – reducing the heat load and supplying renewable energy; WHITE – air – urban ventilation – cooling, fresh air, removing pollution, reducing heat island effect. The following sections briefly discuss and give examples of sustainable solutions in the four main infrastructure areas of: 蓝色 - 水文 —水池，溪流，喷泉 —渗透，蒸发， 净化，回收，冷却； 红 色 - 能 源 –生物气象学城市设计 –降低热负荷 和提供可再生能源； 白色 - 空气 —城市通风，冷却，新鲜空气，除 污染，减少热岛效应。 9 发展中国家城市的普遍问题 General Issues for Cities of Developing Countries -ve • 城市地区气温显著升 高 ; Significant Raise in temperature in urban areas; • 快速小规模城市开发 ； Rapid pace of inconsiderable urban development; • 大规模、低质量规划项目 ； Large scale and low quality masterplanning projects; • 增加制冷能源消耗 ； Increase in energy consumption for cooling demands; • 在建筑环境中的绿化缺乏和生活质量低下 ； Lack of greenery and quality of life in the Built Environment; • 低质量的城市环境引起的健康风险和危害 ； Significant health risks and hazards from low quality urban environments; • 在城市环境中减少自然资源，绿色和蓝色 。 Reduction of natural resources, green and blue from the city environments. 消极趋势 Negative Trends 10 1 2 5 3 6 4 7 1. 城 市住房和硬表面的景观（设拉子，伊朗 ） Urban housing and hard surface landscape (Shiraz, Iran) 2. 城 市形态和生活环境的变化（海南，中国） Change in urban patterns and living environments (Hainan, China) 3. 中心城区缺乏绿色空间（坎帕拉、乌干达） Lack of green spaces in central urban areas (Kampala, Uganda) 4. 城 市内绿化消失（金边，柬埔寨） Disappearance of greenery from the city (Phnom Penh, Cambodia) 5. 大 规模基础设施建设（马尼拉，菲律宾） Mass infrastructure expansion (Manila, the Philippines) 6. 大 型停车场和道路（迪拜，阿联酋） Large scale areas of car parking and roads (Dubai, UAE) 7. 逐 步被灰色元素替换的绿色元素（曼谷，泰国） The gradual replacement of green by grey (Bangkok, Thailand) 11 马 尔默 / 瑞典 西 部海港 区 The Western Harbour District 瑞典的马尔默是一个世界领先的可持续发展城市。这个城市的气候排 放量已经减半，其目标是到 2020为止的污染气体中和。西部海港区 已经成为一个可持续解决方案的国际试验床，不仅在于环境解决，而 且同样是一个社会愿景。这是一个占地 160公顷，居住着约 10000居 民，包括商业区，学校和服务区的试验田。一个关键目标是实现文化 和环境的多样性，包括各类的建筑，空间和功能。它是欧洲第一个完 全使用可再生能源的城市地区。 Malmo in Sweden is a world leader in sustainable urban development. The city’s climate emissions have been halved already, and the aim is to be climate neutral by 2020. The Western Harbour district became an international test bed for sustainable solutions, not only environmental but equally a social vision. It is an area of 160 hectares for about 10,000 residents and includes commerce, schools and services. A key goal was cultural and environmental diversity, with a wide variety of architecture, spaces and functions. It is the first urban district in Europe with 100% renewable energy. 以下是一套完整的绿色基础设施： There is a complete set of green infrastructures: • 新公园 ， 当地生态群落 ， 植物园的产 业 /New public parks, indigenous biotopes, vegetable garden allotments; • 广泛覆盖的植被 ， 绿色的屋顶和墙壁 ， 鸟类 /动物收容所 /Extensive vegetation, green roofs and walls, bird/animal shelters; • 池塘 ， 游泳池 ， 水源涵养 ， 透水表面 ， 雨水收集 /Ponds, pools, water conservation, permeable surfaces, rainwater harvesting; • 废物分离 ， 真空垃圾回收系统 ， 材料回收 /Waste separation, vacuum based garbage collection system, materials recycling; • 可持续交通系统 ， 无车区 ， 自行车和步行网络 /Sustainable mobility systems, car free areas, bicycle and footpath network; • 100%可再生能源 -风能为主 ， 包括太阳能光伏发电 ， 太阳能热和沼 气 /100% renewable energy - mostly wind, also solar PV, solar thermal and biogas. 12 Malmo/ Sweden 新的进展 -质量计 划 / A NEW PROCESS - THE QUALITY PROGRAM 一个非常重要并成功的创新是一个叫做 “质量计划 ”的规划方法 。 在质量计划中 ， 生态 ， 经济和社会目标相结 合 ， 并被明确划分 。 这份计划文件随后成为了与开发商签订的法律合同的一部分 ， 而那些有野心的开发商也 将被准许开发项目 。 质量计划是在整个设计和施工中控制质量的基础 ， 它确保了在过程中追求最初的愿景和 目标 。 类似的方法现在也用于其他城市 。 A very important and successful innovation was a new planning method, the “Quality Program”. In the QP the ecological, economic and social goals are combined and clearly specified. This document then formed part of the legal contracts signed with developers, who were awarded projects if they guaranteed high ambitions. The QP is then the basis for quality control throughout the design and construction – ensuring that the initial visions and goals are followed. Similar methods are now used in other cities. 生态的可持续性离不开健康发展的社会 ， 由此该方案涵盖 了研究 ， 信息和教育领域 。 可持续性消费和发展的健康性 得到了大力推动 ， 包括绿色生态的建造 ， 在 2020年实现 100%生态食品的目标 ， 以及实现城市 ， 当地协会 ， 居民 和企业之间的密切合作 。 Recognising that ecological sustainability cannot be achieved without healthy community, the programs include research, information and education. Sustainable consumption as well as health are strongly promoted, including green procurement, a goal of 100% ecological food by 2020, and close cooperation between city, local associations, residents and business. (Source: www.Malmö.se/sustainablecity) 13 Kengeri / 印 度 Malhar生态村 /Eco-Village Malhar生态村位于印度的班加罗尔市郊区的 Kengeri，它是由 Goodearth组织基于建设可持续社区的整体概念发展的 。 通过理解和规划生态友好型的布局 ， Malhar生态村成为了一 个低层住宅模式和各种环境特点相结合的著名例子 ， 包括与 绿色开放空间 ， 公园 ， 透水地坪 ， 无车区 ， 水收集系统等等 。 Located in Kengeri, one of the outskirts of the City of Bangalore in India, Malhar Eco-Village is developed by GoodEarth Organisation, with an overall concept of building sustainable communities. Through understanding and designing suitable and ecologically-friendly layouts, Malhar Eco-Village is a remarkable example of low-rise housing pattern with various environmental features of green and open spaces, green parks, permeable flooring, no-car zones, water collection system and etc. 14 Kengeri/ India 关键设计与规划特 点 社区的形态和布局是一个计划组合的住房 ， 设施和 开放 /绿地的丰富组合 。 该建筑布局提供了多多样化 的无车区 ， 共享生活空间 /社区生活环境和公园 。 景观与遮荫 新造林和现有树木是整体规划和空间设计的一部分 。 阴影遮盖降温生活区也成为一个社区的重要景观特 征 。 水文景观 该社区包括了一些水文特征和小水池。这些都是集 成在庭院的绿化区域里；同时具有雨水收集功能； 并冷却公用生活环境。 绿化景观与地形 阶梯式绿地的采用 ， 避免了水过剩和水灾并支撑了 一个渐进的水收集系统 。 KEY DESIGN AND PLANNING FEATURES The form and layout of the community is a generously planned mix of housing units, facilities and open/green spaces. The building layout offers a variety of no-car zone, shared living spaces/ community living environments and parks. Landscape and Shading New plantation and existing trees are part of the overall masterplan and spatial design. Provision of shading to cool down the living environments is a major landscape feature of the community. Water Landscape The community includes several water features and small pools. These are integrated within the courtyards/landscaping of the area; used as rainwater collection; and are for cooling the shared living environments. Green Landscape and Topography The stepped green spaces are used to avoid flooding or overflow of water and support a gradual water collection system. 15 松岛 / 韩 国 松 岛国际商务区 随着一个面积达 1500亩 （ 约 600公顷 ） 的地块的开发 ， 松岛国际商务区 （ SIBD） 成为了一个建立在填海造田 土地上的韩国仁川海岸的主要开发地区 。 其部分新业务区仍处在建设中 。 自上而下的规划和城市设计的发展 方法是一个伟大的关键表现指标 （ KPI） ， 节能奖励和绿色基础设施发展的使用例子 。 松岛常被视为一个新 的 智慧城市 或 无处不在的城市 ， 也被经常强调为一个 “ 未来城市 ”。 配合使用该地区的信息技术网络 ， 一个管理所有建筑 ， 水资源节约 ， 废物管理系统和智能交通和基础设施网 络的系统也被采用 。 通过聚焦于商业和休闲中心 ， 松岛提供了超过总面积的 40%的绿色空间 。 它们包括松岛 著名的中央公园 ， 滨水地区 ， 为候鸟和濒危水鸟栖息的阶梯地块 ， [城市 ]农业区 ， 集成型的住宅和商业区和 绿色 （ 蓝 ） 休闲环境 。 Songdo International Business District With an overall development area of 1,500 acres (or about 600 hectares), Songdo International Business District (SIBD) is a major new development built over a reclaimed land from Yellow Sea off the City of Incheon, South Korea. Parts of this new business zone is still under construction. The top-down masterplanning and urban design approach to this development is a remarkable example of the use of Key Performative Indicators (KPIs), energy saving incentives, and green infrastructure development. Songdo is often regarded as a new ‘smart city’ or ‘ubiquitous city’ and is often highlighted as a ‘City of the Future’. With the area’s information technology network, there is a management system in place for energy use of every building, water conservation, waste management system and a smart network of transportation and infrastructure. With focus on both business and leisure, Songdo offers a variety of green spaces that account for more than 40% of the whole area. These include Songdo’s well-known central park, waterfront areas, staging ground for migrating birds and threatened waterbird species, [urban] agricultural areas, integrated green spaces for housing and business districts and green (and blue) environments for leisure. 16 Songdo/ South Korea 作为总体规划的一部分，绿色基础在朝向整体化社区建设 的绿色道路上起到了主要作用。 从实 施智能垃圾管理系统 到生态保护，松岛可以被视作是蓝色（水文）和绿色（植 被）基础设施的成功模版。 中央公园和水系统 中央公园位于近松岛中部，它和周围的水文连接是该区域 的重点休闲中心。 连通性，可走性和可骑行性 有了更多的建造绿色基础设施的可能性，创造更具包容和 连通性的生活环境也有了更高的机会。这包括了整个地区 的步行和骑行的主要路线，保障了更好的无障碍设施，更 好接触到的步行的流域，休闲和商业区。 融合蓝绿 该杰出的设计以绿色和蓝色区域集成到建筑环境，如教育 区，住宅之间宜居空间，吸引人的野餐区和休闲活动，和 松岛商业贸易区。 As part of the overall masterplan, the green infrastructure plays a major role in creating a green path towards a holistic community development. From implementation of smart waste management system to preservation of ecology, Songdo can be regarded as a successful model for green and blue infrastructure. The Central Park and Water System Located in almost the central part of Songdo, the central park and surrounding water connections are key leisure hubs of the area. Connectivity, Walkability and Cycleability With more possibility for green infrastructure, there is a higher chance of creating more inclusive and connected living environments. This includes major routes for walkable and cycleable areas across the whole area, allowing a better walkable catchment for better accessibility to amenities, work, leisure and businesses. Integrating Blue and Green The masterplan takes on board integration of green and blue in to the built environment, such as the education zone, liveable spaces in between the residential blocks, attractive picnic areas and leisure activities, and across commercial/business zones of Songdo