地球生命力报告2022（英）-WWF.pdf

1 BUILDING A NATURE-POSITIVE SOCIETY LIVING PLANET REPORT 2022WWF WWF is an independent conservation organisation, with more than 35 million followers and a global network active through local leadership in over 100 countries. WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which people live in harmony with nature, by conserving the world’s biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. ZSL (Zoological Society of London) Institute of Zoology ZSL is a global science-led conservation organisation helping people and wildlife live better together to restore the wonder and diversity of life everywhere. It is a powerful movement of conservationists for the living world, working together to save animals on the brink of extinction and those which could be next. ZSL manages the Living Planet Index in a collaborative partnership with WWF. Citation WWF (2022) Living Planet Report 2022 – Building a nature- positive society. Almond, R.E.A., Grooten, M., Juffe Bignoli, D. Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota; SpringInnovate.org), Mona Chaya (FAO), Martin Cheek (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), Alonso Córdova Arrieta (WWF-Peru), Charlotte Couch (Herbier National de Guineé and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), Iain Darbyshire (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), Gregorio Diaz Mirabal (Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin – COICA), Amanda Diep (Global Footprint Network), Paulo Durval Branco (International Institute for Sustainability, Brazil), Gavin Edwards (WWF International), Scott Edwards (WWF International), Ismahane Elouafi (FAO), Neus Estela (Fauna King’s College London), Nicky Jenner (Fauna Department of Geology, University of Texas at Austin, USA; School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, UK), Marielos Peña-Claros (Wageningen University), Germán Poveda (Universidad Nacional de Colombia), Hannah Puleston (Zoological Society of London), Andy Purvis (Natural History Museum), Andrea Reid (Nisga’a Nation; University of British Columbia), Stephanie Roe (WWF International), Zack Romo Paredes Holguer (Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin – COICA), Aafke Schipper (Radboud University), Kate Scott-Gatty (Zoological Society of London), Tokpa Seny Doré (Herbier National de Guineé), Bernardo Baeta Neves Strassburg (International Institute for Sustainability, Brazil), Gary Tabor (Centre for Large Landscape Conservation), Morakot Tanticharoen (University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand), Angelique Todd (Fauna Paula Hanna Valdujo and Helga Correa Wiederhecker (WWF-Brazil); Mariana Paschoalini Frias (Instituto Aqualie/ WWF- Brazil consultant); Elildo Alves Ribeiro De Carvalho Junior (Programa Monitora/ICMBio); Luciana Moreira Lobo (KRAV Consultoria Ambiental/WWF-Brazil consultant); Felipe Serrano, Marcio Martins, Eletra de Souza, João Paulo Vieira-Alencar, Juan Camilo Díaz-Ricaurte, Ricardo Luria-Manzano (University of São Paulo)WWF LIVING PLANET REPORT 2022 4 5 Today we face the double, interlinked emergencies of human- induced climate change and the loss of biodiversity, threatening the well-being of current and future generations. As our future is critically dependent on biodiversity and a stable climate, it is essential that we understand how nature’s decline and climate change are connected. The nature of these connections, the impacts they have on people and biodiversity, and building a positive, equitable, and sustainable future, are key themes in this edition of the Living Planet Report. In addressing these complex, interlinked challenges we recognise that there is no one-size-fits-all solution, nor one single source of knowledge. To create this edition, we have therefore woven together multiple voices and drawn on different sources of knowledge from around the world. Land-use change is still the biggest current threat to nature, destroying or fragmenting the natural habitats of many plant and animal species on land, in freshwater and in the sea. However, if we are unable to limit warming to 1.5°C, climate change is likely to become the dominant cause of biodiversity loss in the coming decades. Rising temperatures are already driving mass mortality events, as well as the first extinctions of entire species. Every degree of warming is expected to increase these losses and the impact they have on people. We feature 3 stories of people on the frontline and how they are dealing with the consequences of local changes in climate and biodiversity. Biodiversity indicators help us understand how our natural world is changing over time. Tracking the health of nature over almost 50 years, the Living Planet Index acts as an early warning indicator by tracking trends in the abundance of mammals, fish, reptiles, birds and amphibians around the world. In its most comprehensive finding to date, this edition shows an average 69% decline in the relative abundance of monitored wildlife populations around the world between 1970 and 2018. Latin America shows the greatest regional decline in average population abundance (94%), while freshwater species populations have seen the greatest overall global decline (83%). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY New mapping analysis techniques allow us to build up a more comprehensive picture of both the speed and the scale of changes in biodiversity and climate. For example, we feature the new biodiversity risk maps generated for the IPCC Working Group 2 report published in February 2022. These maps are the result of decades of work which has involved more than 1 million hours of computer time. We also explore an analysis using data from the IUCN Red List which allows us to overlay six key threats – agriculture, hunting, logging, pollution, invasive species and climate change – to highlight ‘threat hotspots’ for terrestrial vertebrates. To help us imagine a future where people and nature can thrive, scenarios and models – such as the Bending the Curve work featured in the 2020 Living Planet Report – can create ‘menus’ that indicate how we can most effectively address biodiversity loss under a range of climate and development scenarios. Now, researchers are exploring new lenses to add to this work, including the integration of equity and fairness. This could help to better target the urgent and unprecedented action needed to change our business-as-usual trajectory. We know that transformational change – game-changing shifts – will be essential to put theory into practice. We need system- wide changes in how we produce and consume, the technology we use, and our economic and financial systems. Underpinning these changes must be a move from goals and targets to values and rights, in policy-making and in day-to-day life. To catalyse this, in 2022, the United Nations General Assembly recognised that everyone, everywhere, has the right to live in a clean, healthy and sustainable environment, meaning that for those in power respecting this is no longer an option but an obligation. Although not legally binding, the UN resolution is expected to accelerate action, just as earlier resolutions on the right to water in 2010 turbocharged progress in delivering safe water to millions of people. This edition of the Living Planet Report confirms the planet is in the midst of a biodiversity and climate crisis, and that we have a last chance to act. This goes beyond conservation. A nature-positive future needs transformative - game changing - shifts in how we produce, how we consume, how we govern, and what we finance. We hope it inspires you to be part of that change.WWF LIVING PLANET REPORT 2022 6 7 The message is clear and the lights are flashing red. Our most comprehensive report ever on the state of global vertebrate wildlife populations presents terrifying figures: a shocking two-thirds decline in the global Living Planet Index less than 50 years. And this comes at a time when we are finally beginning to understand the deepening impacts of the interlinked climate and nature crises, and the fundamental role biodiversity plays in maintaining the health, productivity and stability of the many natural systems we and all life on Earth depend on. The COVID-19 pandemic has given many of us a new awareness of our vulnerability. This is beginning to challenge the unthinking assumption that we can continue to dominate the natural world irresponsibly, taking nature for granted, exploiting its resources wastefully and unsustainably, and distributing them unevenly without facing any consequences. Today, we know that there are consequences. Some of them are already here: the loss of lives and economic assets from extreme weather; aggravated poverty and food insecurity from droughts and floods; social unrest and increased migration flows; and zoonotic diseases that bring the whole world to its knees. Nature loss is now rarely perceived as a purely moral or ecological issue, with a broadened sense of its vital importance to our economy, social stability, individual well-being and health, and as a matter of justice. The most vulnerable populations are already the most affected by environmental damage, and we are leaving a terrible legacy to our children and future generations to come. We need a global plan for nature, as we have for climate. A global goal for nature: nature positive We know what’s happening, we know the risks and we know the solutions. What we urgently need now is a plan that unites the world in dealing with this existential challenge. A plan that is agreed globally and implemented locally. A plan that clearly sets a measurable and time-bound global goal for nature as the 2016 Paris accord, with the net-zero emissions goal by 2050, did for climate. But what can be the ‘net-zero emissions’ equivalent for biodiversity? CODE RED FOR THE PLANET ( AND HUMANITY ) © WWF Achieving net-zero loss for nature is certainly not enough; we need a nature- or net-positive goal to restore nature and not simply halt its loss. Firstly, because we have lost and continue to lose so much nature at such a speed that we need this higher ambition. And, secondly, because nature has shown us that it can bounce back – and quickly – if given a chance. We have many local examples of nature and wildlife comebacks, whether it is forests or wetlands, tigers or tuna, bees or earthworms. We need nature positive by 2030 – which, in simple terms, means more nature by the end of this decade than at its start (see the explanatory infographic on page 100). More natural forests, more fish in the ocean and river systems, more pollinators in our farmlands, more biodiversity worldwide. A nature-positive future will bring countless benefits to human and economic well-being, including to our climate, food and water security. Together, the complementary goals of net-zero emissions by 2050 and net- positive biodiversity by 2030 represent the compass to guide us towards a safe future for humanity, to shift to a sustainable development model, to support the delivery of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Unmissable opportunity For me, for WWF, and for many other organizations and a growing number of country and business leaders (e.g. the Leaders’ Pledge for Nature group of 93 heads of state and the President of the European Commission, and the Business For Nature, the Taskforce on Nature-Related Financial Disclosure and the Finance for Biodiversity coalitions), agreeing on a nature-positive global goal is crucial and urgent. World leaders have an unmissable opportunity in December 2022 to embrace a nature-positive mission at the long-awaited 15 th conference of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) in Montreal, Canada, under the presidency of China. This is key to ensuring the right level of ambition and measurability in the goals and targets of the agreement. WWF LIVING PLANET REPORT 2022 8 9 © naturepl.com / Andy Rouse / WWF Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) mother with cub age four months, Ranthambhore, Rajhasthan, India. It is key to mobilizing and aligning governments, communities, businesses, financial institutions and even consumers towards contributing to the same shared global goal, inspiring a whole-of- society approach. And it is key to injecting the same high degree of accountability that we are beginning to witness around climate action. Just as the global goal of ‘net-zero emissions by 2050’ is disrupting the energy sector so that it shifts towards renewables, ‘nature positive by 2030’ will disrupt the sectors that are drivers of nature loss – agriculture, fishing, forestry, infrastructure and extractives – driving innovation and acceleration towards sustainable production and consumption behaviours. Our society is at the most important fork in its history, and is facing its deepest systems change challenge around what is perhaps the most existential of all our relationships: the one with nature. And all this at a time when we are beginning to understand that we depend on nature much more than nature depends on us. The COP15 biodiversity conference can be the moment when the world comes together on nature. Marco Lambertini, Director General WWF International