氢燃料电池在交通运输业的应用(英)-WIPO.pdf

Patent Landscape Report Hydrogen fuel cells in transportationPatent Landscape Report Hydrogen fuel cells in transportationThis work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. The user is allowed to reproduce, distribute, adapt, translate and publicly perform this publication, including for commercial purposes, without explicit permission, provided that the content is accompanied by an acknowledgement that WIPO is the source and that it is clearly indicated if changes were made to the original content. Suggested citation: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2022), Hydrogen fuel cells in transportation, Geneva: WIPO. Adaptation/translation/derivatives should not carry any official emblem or logo, unless they have been approved and validated by WIPO. Please contact us via the WIPO website to obtain permission. 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Box 18 CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland DOI: 10.34667/tind.46069 ISBN: 978-92-805-3416-0 (PDF) ISBN: 978-92-805-3417-7 (online) ISSN: 2790-7007 (print) ISSN: 2790-7015 (online) Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Cover: Getty Images / JONGHO SHIN – TiaClaraContents Acknowledgements 4 Key findings and insights 5 Introduction 9 Motivation and methodology of the report 11 Hydrogen fuel cell technologies for the electrification of transport 13 General field overview, history, and global patent development of fuel cells 13 Hydrogen fuel cell technologies in transport: why hydrogen, and why fuel cells? 13 Fuel cell history 15 Fuel cell technologies 20 General overview 20 Polymer electrolyte or proton exchange membrane fuel cells 23 Solid oxide fuel cells 23 Direct methanol or liquid ammonia fuel cells and reformer technology 23 Phosphoric acid fuel cells 24 Alkali membrane fuel cells 24 Molten carbonate fuel cells 24 Patent landscape of fuel cell technologies 24 Fuel cell recycling 27 Cost analysis fuel cells in transport 28 Fuel cell recycling roadmap 28 Fuel cell automated production 30 Fuel cell technologies in transportation 34 Market application breakdown 35 Innovation origin view 37 Patent filings by patent applicant type 39 Market view analysis: where are fuel cell patents in transport being filed globally? 44 Shifting the analysis from a patent filing count to active patent portfolios 47 Dynamic and comparative company analysis 48 Top 20 universities and research institutes in the field 49 Fuel cell application: personal and commercial road vehicles 51 Fuel cells as range extender 55 Fuel cell application: shipping and marine vehicles 58 Fuel cell application: aviation and above-ground vehicles 64 Fuel cell application: rail and track vehicles 68 Fuel cell application: special vehicles 71 The future of fuel cell technologies in transport 77 Technology readiness level (TRL) 79 Patent perspective 79 Commercial viability 80 Customer benefits and problems 80 Need for action 81 Future drivers 81 Economic drivers 81 Political drivers 82 Roadmap and market outlook for hydrogen technologies in transport 82 Annex 84 Glossary 84 Patent searches 87 References 94 34 Acknowledgements This Patent Landscape Report, Hydrogen Fuel Cells in Transportation, was prepared following a related request from the Slovak Republic to the WIPO Director General, Daren Tang. This publication was prepared with the stewardship of Marco Alemán (Assistant Director General, IP and Innovation Ecosystems Sector), under the direction of Alejandro Roca Campañá (Senior Director, IP for Innovators Department) and Andrew Czajkowski (Director, Technology and Innovation Support Division), and was led by Irene Kitsara (IP Information Officer, Technology and Innovation Support Division). The report was prepared by the project team led by Irene Kitsara, including Jochen Spuck and Kai Gramke (both from Econsight), Frank Passing, Pajam Hassan and Anish M. Shenji (all from intuitive.AI) and Lakshmi Supriya (Patent Analysis Officer, Technology and Innovation Support Division). The patent search methodology was prepared by Econsight with inputs from WIPO (Irene Kitsara and Lakshmi Supriya). Kai Gramke from Econsight developed some of the metrics used in the analysis. Visualizations were prepared by Kai Gramke, Lakshmi Supriya, with inputs from Craig Dsouza (Young Expert Professional, Technology and Innovation Support Division). Pajam Hassan and Anish M. Shenji prepared and analyzed online news, press releases and quarterly financial reporting regarding future-oriented statements. Frank Passing developed the technology assessment and roadmap in the report; and in coordination with Jochen Spuck provided examples of some of the companies featuring in the patent data in order to link the latter with business and the market. The report draws on helpful input received during the conceptualization phase from Thomas Brachmann (Honda R&D) and Tim Karlsson (IPHE), and from several interviews carried out by Jochen Spuck with industry representatives plus inputs provided by WIPO colleagues, including Anja von der Ropp and Peter Oksen (both from the Global Challenges Division). BookNow Limited edited the report with inputs from Irene Kitsara, Lakshmi Supriya and Andrew Czajkowski. Thanks also go to Charlotte Beauchamp (Head, Publications and Design Section) for her invaluable support and advice, Vanessa Harwood for her editorial oversight and Sheyda Navab for the report s design. Further information Online resources: The electronic version of this report can be accessed at www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4604. This webpage also includes datasets from the report. Contact: patent.information@wipo.int5 Key findings and insights Transforming the transportation sector to put it on a Net Zero pathway will require a combination of technological innovation, government and corporate decision-making, and adapted customer behavior to all come together over the course of the next decade. Policy efforts across every transportation application will need to be rapidly developed and extended. Expanding international cooperation will be crucial in meeting the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by transportation, a sector responsible for almost 24 percent of direct carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion. With battery-powered electric transportation having grown over the last five years, the political momentum for hydrogen fuel cell transportation has gathered strength over the last two years. This WIPO Patent Landscape Report provides early observations on patenting activity in the field of hydrogen fuel cells in transportation. These observations are combined with online news, press releases and corporate financial reporting to obtain deeper insights into the future of transportation. A third wave of patent filing is gaining momentum There has been a strong increase in patent filings since 2016, both in fuel cells in general and their application in transportation in particular. A first wave of patent filings occurred in the mid-1980s, followed by a second around 2005, with a third wave starting around 2016. The patent search identified 52,433 patent filings in the field of fuel cells that describe transportation applications, accounting for one-quarter of patent filings related to fuel cells in general. In all, 61 percent (32,018 patent families) of these included at least one granted patent. Half of this patent dataset (26,449 patent families and utility models) were considered active at the time of the analysis in March 2022. A high number of fuel cell patents describe a specific use in transportation and this number is growing appreciably, thus highlighting the increasing importance of this particular market sector. (See the InfoBox below for information concerning the use of the terms “patent filings,” “patent families” and “dataset” in this report.) Patent filing activity is concentrated in just five jurisdictions which are also the biggest inventor locations Inventions related to fuel cells in transportation were filed for patent protection across 88 patent offices, with active patents present in 80 jurisdictions. While this suggests a wide spread of activity globally, a strong concentration of patents was located in just five jurisdictions. We found that 96 percent of the patent families identified included at least one patent application filed either in Japan, the United States of America (U.S.), China, the Republic of Korea, Germany, or at the European Patent Office (EP filings) or the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (administering the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) and representing PCT filings). This suggests that the biggest production sites are striving to establish themselves in the five main industry regions, with markets starting locally before then spreading worldwide. The wide spread of activity also seems to signal a relatively easy access to the technology in general. In total, 62 percent of the patent families identified filed for patent protection at only one patent office, with Japan and China each accounting for one-fifth of the patent applications filed in a single jurisdiction. By comparison, in the field of electric vehicles in general, national filings at a single office 6 Patent Landscape Report – Hydrogen fuel cells in transportation accounted for an even larger proportion (69 percent) of the total, whereas in the field of cancer research it was lower at 47 percent. While patent filings stem from inventors based in 85 jurisdictions, the same five jurisdictions where the majority of filing activity is concentrated were also the five biggest origins for inventors, namely China, Japan, the U.S., the Republic of Korea and Germany, accounting for 89 percent of all patents in the field. Big players within the business have made a significant contribution to the patent landscape The top 30 players in fuel cells in transport accounted for 40 percent of the patent dataset (21,152 of 52,433 patent families). This rather high concentration is similar to the what was observed in electric vehicles (top 30 players accounting for 43 percent of the dataset), and indicates the level of investment by market players in the field. Indeed, several of these players, namely, Toyota, Hyundai, VW Group, GM, Daimler, Bosch, Honda and Nissan, are active in nearly every transportation field. Moreover, it would seem their involvement encompasses not only specific end-products, but also the manufacturing of core elements. New players are emerging in the patent landscape due to high financial investments However, new players are already competing with the top-ranked players of recent years, and this may bring change to the list of top players in the future. In contrast to what is the situation in the field of electric vehicles, among the top ranking companies according to patent filing rate there are a number that are either not yet established market players – several of which are based in China – or smaller companies, especially in niche applications such as special vehicles. Patent filings and active patent portfolios are, however, dominated by the larger car companies in particular. Other top players across transportation applications other than road include companies active in aviation, shipbuilding and special vehicles, while automotive and battery suppliers also feature among the top applicants. The patent landscape indicates a growing interest in automated production, while fuel cell recycling is also covered Confirming an overall picture of a highly mature technology, alongside a high share of patents in direct transportation applications, we also see a growth in patents for automated production. Mass production has been addressed more frequently only recently, with a specific focus by players from China. At the same time, recycling is also starting to grow, even though patent filings are still low in number. In both areas, developments in patenting activity clearly indicate that, technology-wise, the level of readiness seems to be rather high. The research community is playing a vital role in patenting aimed at overcoming technological challenges There is only one university and research institution (the Chinese Academy of Sciences) among the top 30 patent applicants. However, patent filings from university and research institutions have grown in the last few years. Chinese universities have been remarkably active in the field, while there has also been related activity by universities in the U.S., the Republic of Korea, Japan and Europe. Besides patenting activity, some universities and research institutions exhibit a remarkably high level of collaborative activity, working together with industry, but also with other academic partners such as the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA). Fuel cells have achieved a high degree of technological maturity, with polymer electrolyte membrane fuels leading in patent filings Fuel cells are a well-known technology with a high degree of maturity. There are several types of fuel cells, with polymer electrolyte (or proton exchange) membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) leading in the patent dataset and appearing to be the most promising.7 Key findings and insights China is currently the top origin of patent filings related to hydrogen fuel cell in transportation Patent filings in China have been incredibly strong in the last two to three years, either as the office of filing for local inventors or the office of subsequ