净零碳乡村规划指南———以中国长三角地区为例（英文版）-同济大学.pdf

NET ZERO CARBON VILLAGE PLANNING GUIDELINES YANGTZE RIVER DELTA REGION, CHINANET ZERO CARBON VILLAGE PLANNING GUIDELINESNET ZERO CARBON VILLAGE PLANNING GUIDELINES YANGTZE RIVER DELTA REGION, CHINADisclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. The analysis conclusions and recommendations of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme or its Governing Council or its member states. Reference in this publication of any specific commercial products, brand names, processes, or services, or the use of any trade, firm, or corporation name does not constitute endorsement, recommendation, or favouring by UN-Habitat or its officers, nor does such a reference constitute an endorsement of UN-Habitat. Acknowledgments Project supervisors Principal authors UN-Habitat Co-authors Contributors Tongji University Co-authors Additional authors Contributors Consorzio ARCA Co-author Graphic Design and Layout Vincent Kitio, Salvatore Fundaro Jiang Wu, Tongji University Federico M. Butera, Politecnico di Milano UN-Habitat Lab: Helen Yu, Lin Morong, Antara Tandon Laura Petrella, Zhenshan Zhan, Shegufta Newaz, Jonathan Weaver Xin Wang, Yuexia Gao, Jing Hu Jie Dai, Fengting Li, Ying Li, Xingben Liu, Zhengwei Li, Qian Jia, Guo Ru, Hongtao Wang, Yiming Wang, Zidi Wang, Guoshu Yang, Jianrong Yang, Chenjie Zhang, Gaijing Zhang, Min Zhao, Han Zhou Xia Fan, Xia Gong, Binchao Hou, Jingsi Liao, Wei Xia, Gaoxiang Yang, Guiqing Yang, Wei Yu, Jiayin Zhi, Jianjun Zhou Fabio Montagnino UN-Habitat Lab: Shegufta Newaz Net Zero Carbon Village Planning Guidelines For the Yangtze River Delta Region in China 1st Edition All rights reserved ©2019 United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) P .O. Box 30030 00100 Nairobi GPO KENYA Tel: +254-020-7623120 (Central Office) www.unhabitat.org HS Number: HS/009/19E ISBN Number: 978-92-1-132835-6 This report has been prepared by UN-Habitat’s Urban Lab in collaboration with Tongji University. The Lab is UN- Habitat’s multidisciplinary facility supporting cities and Member States with innovative methodologies and multi- stakeholder processes. The Lab aims to achieve sustainable urbanization through integrated and transformative urban interventions that contribute to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.Contents Contents v Foreword vi INTRODUCTION 3 Objectives 4 Context: the Yangtze River Delta region, past and present 6 Background 6 ZERO CARBON VILLAGE AS A PROTOTYPE OF FUTURE SUSTAINABLE RURAL SETTLEMENTS 11 The planetary boundaries and the SDGs 12 From linear to circular metabolism 16 TEN KEY PRINCIPLES FOR ZERO CARBON RURAL VILLAGES DESIGN 19 Implementation of zero carbon villages in the Yangtze River Delta 21 The 10 principles 23 Sustainable village design: conceptual pillars Principle 1: Climate data and greenhouse gas inventory Principle 2: Well-connected mixed-use nodes Principle 3: Heating and Cooling Principle 4: GHG emissions Principle 5: Renewable energy sources Principle 6: Water cycle Principle 7: Solid Principle 8: Energy, water, food and waste cycles Principle 9: Employment opportunities and leisure Principle 10: Ecological awareness raising Case studies 67 CONTEXTUALIZING THE PRINCIPLES 79 Shatan Village, Taizhou 80 Xinjian Community, Zhoushan 92 Meilin Village, Changzhou 104 VILLAGE PLANNING AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY: XIEBEI VILLAGE 115 Village planning and design process: Northeast Xiebei Village conceptual plan as an example 116 Issues 127 Actions 139 ENDNOTES 150 vi Foreword In recent years, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in eastern China has become a strategic focus of environmental protection and eco-development efforts. The region is facing unprecedented risk to its natural and urban environments. The inherent vulnerability of this highly valued eco-system and agricultural area due to the large concentration of neighbouring metropolitan areas, economically strategic position along major shipping lanes and manufacturing hubs as well as the interlinked conflict between social and economic development and environmental conservation, needs to be addressed. These conditions make it, with time, increasingly harder to govern urban and rural settlements resulting in lost opportunities for sound economic growth that respects strong ecological balance. This challenging context is not only relevant to the YRD region but also to other Chinese and international regions where connectivity could be enhanced through rural and urban linkages. This is especially pertinent since 2007, when more than half of the world’s population lives in cities, and in relation to China’s substantial work in promoting eco-cities. In addition to this, following more than two decades of urban expansion, there is a renewed focus in China to address the status quo where rapid economic growth was prioritised at the expense of land and environmental resources and a growing inequality between rural and urban areas. It is under this perspective that there is a growing need to propose methodologies to establish a more balanced urban-rural relationship. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development outlines sustainable development as a process in harmony with people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership, not driven by isolated actions. This is well reflected in the New Urban Agenda (NUA) which translates the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into practice regarding areas of human settlements, urban planning, at its many levels and scales including planning of peri- urban and urban/rural settlements. This is a vital tool that can integrate multiple complexities to guide settlement growth in a way that promotes inclusive, integrated and sustainable development. For more than forty years, UN-Habitat has supported countries worldwide to develop urban planning methodologies and strategies to address current urbanization challenges such as population growth, urban sprawl, poverty, inequality, pollution, and climate change at national, city and neighbourhood level, including urban-rural linkages. It is for this reason that UN-Habitat and Tongji University have collaborated to produce guidelines on net-zero carbon strategies for the development of villages in the Yangtze River Delta. The research is part of a wider project in partnership with the Shanghai Municipal Government as well as Shanghai Research Institute of Building Sciences and Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences working on technological and scientific dimensions of zero carbon solutions and coordinated by Tongji University. The overall project analyzes and defines the structuring elements of zero carbon settlements, illustrating development strategies for planning, implementing and managing energy and resource efficient urban-rural areas. The project aims to develop a holistic approach where urban planning will be the tool that brings together climatic conditions, land use, local economies, renewable use of energy, zero-waste, water cycles, biodiversity, and transport, to achieve a sustainable low carbon settlement system. These guidelines have a two- fold objective. On the one hand, the guidelines can be used to help standardize and codify ecological planning principles for villages in the Yangtze River Delta and on the other they can set an example of zero carbon planning strategies that can be escalated and replicated in other relevant towns at the national and international level. The project responds to UN-Habitat’s mandate of promoting socially and environmentally sustainable vii towns and cities, while addressing the New Urban Agenda through the implementation of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The project primarily contributes to the progressive achievement of Target Goal 11 “Sustainable Cities and Communities”, and Target Goal 13 on “Climate Action”, Goal 6 ”Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all” and Goal 7 “Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all”, with reference to the following: 7.2: By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix; 7.3: By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency; 11.6: By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management; 11.A: Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, per-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning; 13.2: Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning; 13.3: Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning. Maimunah Modh Sharif UN Human Settlements Programme, Executive Director1 Net-Zero Carbon Village Planning Guidelines for the Yangtze River Delta Region in China Xinjian Community, Zhoushan2 Introduction 0 Introduction3 Net-Zero Carbon Village Planning Guidelines for the Yangtze River Delta Region in China Objectives The Guidelines focus on the current situation of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, developing an approach that aims to build upon normative research on climate resilient, energy and resource efficient planning principles to develop tools for the development of net- zero carbon village guidelines. Chapter one examines the net-zero carbon village from a global perspective, shifting the notion of zero carbon planning from a focus on carbon accounting, to a focus on circular metabolisms and economies. Chapter two outlines guiding principles for villages and the private sector to adopt to direct development towards sustainable outcomes. The guidelines build on the current situation in the Yangtze River Delta region—which includes Shanghai, northern Zhejiang Province, southern Jiangsu Province, and eastern Anhui Province—and aim to look beyond merely the green and low carbon features of a single building, extending low carbon principles to villages and their surroundings. Chapter three presents case studies, including design recommendations, to demonstrate how net-zero carbon principles can be implemented in three villages selected from Shanghai, Zhejiang and Jiangsu. Chapter four focuses on Xiebei Village—adjacent to Shanghai on Chongming Island—and presents a more detailed methodology for how net-zero carbon village development principles can be spatially integrated into a village through the development of a conceptual plan. Collectively, the four chapters introduce the global and historical relevance of net-zero carbon planning, set guidelines for its application in the YRD region in China, and demonstrate how those guidelines could be integrated into existing village contexts. In order to accomplish the aforementioned goals of this document, the following universal principles and concepts have been taken into account. NET-ZERO CARBON EMISSIONS Net-zero carbon emissions, or carbon neutrality, refers to achieving a balance of carbon emissions and carbon removal. As one of the most developed regions in China, the Yangtze River Delta is a carbon emissions intensive region due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. ENERGY The total energy consumption of Shanghai Municipality in 2016 was 117 million tons standard coal equivalent (SCE) 1 , In Zhejiang Province it was 202.76 million tons SCE, in Jiangsu Province it was 310 million tons SCE 2 , and in Anhui Province it was 127 million tons SCE 3 . Chongming Island, which has set a goal of becoming a net-zero carbon island, emphasized a sustainable energy strategy in its 2016-2040 Masterplan. This strategy includes promoting clean and renewable energy sources. Natural gas will replace traditional fossil energy such as coal and kerosene and wind, solar and biomass will meet 60-80% of energy needs by the end of 2040. The stability of the power grid and the its ability to absorb new energy are also emphasized in the Chongming Island Masterplan, as is the construction of a micro-grid system based on renewable energy, solar, wind, and biomass resources in Chongming Island. The segmented construction of an energy generator is also planned, while a segmental natural gas energy system is planned in a regional energy center. Rooftops of industrial and public buildings are demarcated for solar energy generation. SOUND PLANNING PRINCIPLES The basis for any low carbon strategy needs to be underpinned by sound urban planning principles, focusing on how to achieve energy and resource efficiency through urban form and systems design. For example, transport-oriented development, the adoption of mixed-use planning zones, and the achievement of adequate settlement densities all contribute to the long-term de-carbonization of a settlement, as well as representing sound settlement planning. This highlights its potential as the leading tool in promoting strong and integrated low-carbon development strategies, and mitigating climate change. A zero carbon planning approach that does not also take into account adaptation to climate change is futile: climate projections must be taken into account in settlement design to enable social, economic and environmental resilience in the face of expected future climate changes. In the case of rural areas of the YRD region, an absence of long-term planning has led to inefficient resource use and poor living conditions, where planning guidelines are in urgent need in order to optimize carbon performance and achieve sustainable development. For this reason, UN-Habitat and Tongji University have partnered to produce these guidelines for net-zero carbon villages in the Y angtze River Delta in China. This guidance addresses the specific rural context of Yangtze River Delta, using village planning and sustainable technology as a tool to achieve the goal of net-zero carbon development.4 Introduction Fig. 0.1 Location of the Yangtze River Delta region in China Fig. 0.2 Map of the Yangtze River Delta region and case studies selected in Chapter 3 China Yangtze River Delta Region East China Sea East China Sea Planning policy should both incentivize and regulate for an integrated low-carbon infrastructure approach; which promotes energy efficiency, renewable energy, sustainable transport, waste reduction and management, water efficiency, and low-carbon economic and industrial activities at the building, neighbourho