Better Wafers for High Efficiency Solar Cells-万跃鹏
保利协鑫能源控股有限公司 GCL-Poly Energy Holdings Limited Better Wafers for High Efficiency Solar Cells 支撑高效电池的高品质硅片 Dr. –Ing Yuepeng Wan CTO, GCL Poly 万跃鹏博士,保利协鑫首席技术官 Xi’an, November 9, 2018 2018-11-09,西安 PERC Cells Gaining Market Share Rapidly (PERC电池市场份额迅速增加) Source: ITRPV 2018 ⚫ ITRPV2018 underestimated the capacity increase of PERC cell lines. (ITRPV对 PERC产能预测实际上有点保守。 ) ⚫ The capacity of 30GW@2017, 60GW@2018.( 2017年产能 30GW, 2018年将达到 60GW。) ⚫ Both multi-C and Mono-C silicon wafers can be applied to PERC cells. (PERC电池技术适用于单晶和多晶。 ) ⚫ Cell efficiency for Mono: 22%, for multi: 20.6%。 (单晶电池效 率 22%,多晶 20.6%。) ⚫ Module Power for Mono: 305-315Wp, for Multi:: 290- 300Wp.( PERC组件单晶 305-315Wp,多晶 290-300Wp。) ⚫ N type cells are slowly getting more commercial attentions. ( N型电池开始有小规模商业生产。) ⚫ P type mono-Si wafers for PERC cells (P型单晶硅片) : ✓ Resistivity lowers down (电阻率降低) , from 1.0-3.0 to 0.5-1.5 Ω.cm ✓ Resistivity ranges narrows down (电阻率范围变窄) ✓ Oxygen concentration lowers down (氧含量降低) , from 18ppma to 16ppma, or even lower, to reduce LID and oxygen precipitates (降低 LID和氧沉淀) ✓ Minority Carrier Lifetime (MCL) gets higher (少子寿命更高) ⚫ P type mc-Si wafers( P型多晶硅片) : ✓ Lower down resistivity and its range for PERC cells, co-doping to lower down LID(多晶硅片也需要降低电阻率提升效率,共掺杂降低 LID) ✓ Lower dislocations to reduce recombination; (进一步降低位错)。 More Stringent Requirements on Solar Wafers (对硅片的要求越来越高) p+ Al paste SiO2 or Al2O3 FS-Ag paste SiNx P Type Si PERC cell (PERC电池 ) ρ: Resistivity (电阻率 ) τ : MCL (少子寿命) Oi : Oxygen (氧含量,氧沉淀) Ci : Carbon (碳含量) Dislocations (位错) Bulk (体特征) Surface (表面特征) Wafer Properties (硅片性能) 高效多晶 High efficiency mc-Si 铸锭单晶 Casting mono-Si 直拉单晶 Cz mono-Si DW-S3 金刚线切 S3 Co-doping S4 共掺杂 S4 MCCE TS3/TS4 黑硅 TS3/TS4 GCL casting mono-Si 鑫单晶 P/N type RCz P/N型 RCz单晶 P/N type CCz P/N型 CCz单晶 GCL Customized Wafers to Meet Demands (协鑫针对客户需求的硅片) HE mc-Si cell (高效多 晶电池 ) HE PERC cell (高效 PERC电池 ) HE PERC cell高效 PERC电池 Mono-Si PERC (单晶 PERC电池 ) Mono-Si PERC (单晶 PERC电池 ) Mono-Si PERT (单晶 PERT电池 ) Mono-Si HJT (单晶 HJT电池 ) Black Silicon+Multi-C+PERC 300Wp (黑硅 +高效多晶 +PERC 300Wp 组件) 156.75 high efficiency mc-Si wafer+MCCE+PERC( 156.75高效多晶 +湿法黑硅 +PERC) Average conversion efficiency 20.6%(电池平均转换效率 20.6%) Yield of 300Wp/60pcs module 50.23%( 300W组件合格率 50.23%) Module power of HE mc-Si+MCCE+PERC 高效多晶 +湿法黑硅 +PERC组件功率分布 Group Quantity Eff Uoc Isc FF baseline 19717 20.09% 0.651 9.481 79.91 Experiment 15165 20.60% 0.661 9.580 79.905 Cell efficiency of HE mc-Si+MCCE+PERC (高效多晶 +湿法黑硅 +PERC电池效率 ) Power 290W 295W 300W Distribution 2.3% 47.47% 50.23% The distribution of Cell efficiency of HE mc-Si+MCCE+PERC 高效多晶 +黑硅 +PERC电池效率分布 Casting Mono Wafers (铸锭鑫单晶硅片) ➢Casting Mono quality improved significantly with better hot zone, seed arrangement, etc. Comparing to Cz mono, cell efficiency difference2000, qualified for mass production τeff/ρbulk4000, No difference in η. Example: ◆ τ/ρ 49.5 μs/ Ωcm; ◆ for ρ=0.7 Ωcm the τ(min)> 35 us The cell efficiency is more related to the ratio of τ /ρ instead of τ. (电池效率与少子寿命和电阻率的比值成正比关系。) The requirement on the MCL can be linked to resistivity, or use τ /ρ.(对硅片少子寿命的要求应该结合电阻率,比如用 τ/ρ 比值) Discussion for ‘Black center’ by PL( PL黑芯片的探讨) ‘Black center’ by PL (PL“黑芯片” ) [Oi] as a function of [Oi] for Cz silicon subjected to two-step heat treatment (800℃ /2hr+1050℃ /16 hr) (经 2步热处理后, Cz硅中氧沉淀和间隙氧的关系) Black center is attributed to oxygen precipitation or oxygen-Vacancy interaction. (“黑芯片”由于氧沉淀或氧 与空位作用产生,影响电池效率。 ) Oi< 14ppma, chance of oxygen precipitation very small. (氧含量低于 14ppma,氧沉淀机会少。) Even low Oi(< 12.5), LID still possible. (对硼掺杂晶体,低氧减少 LID,但在低于 12.5下,仍然有 LID。) Source: F. Shimura, Semiconductor Silicon Crystal Technology (Academic Press Inc., San Diego, California, 1989) , p 315-320 The precipitated [Oi] as a function of [Oi] for Cz crystals analyzed in our Lab (在实验室分析的氧沉 淀与氧含量关系) Growth striations revealed by chemical etching for shoulder of Cz silicon and schematic illustration of Czochralski crystal cross section Source: F. Shimura, Semiconductor Silicon Crystal Technology (Academic Press Inc., San Diego, California, 1989) , p 152-153 Discussion for Concentric Circles of growth striation of Cz silicon(生长条纹的同心圆探讨) The major causes of striations: temperature fluctuations near the crystal-melt interface and crystal rotation in an asymmetric thermal environment.(生长条纹主要由不稳定热对流和非对称热环境中的晶体旋转造成)。 Typical elements for striation: dopants (形成生长条纹的典型元素:掺杂剂。 ) Although can be seen in PL, striation does not affect cell efficiency. (生长条纹可在 PL上看到,但对电池效率无影响) 21.431% 21.433% The efficiency of Cz wafers with/without light ring ( PL)(有 /无同心圆的硅片进行效率测试结果) ‘Light concentric circle’ by PL (PL“轻微同心圆” ) Summary (小结 ) PERC cell technology requests higher quality wafers. Both casting technology and Cz technology can deliver wafers meet the needs.(铸锭技术和直拉单晶技术均可以做出更高品质的 硅片满足 PERC高效电池的需求)。 Multi-crystalline silicon wafers can be combined with black silicon and PERC cell to deliver 300Wp modules(高效多晶硅片和黑硅技术及 PERC电池相结合产生超过 300Wp的多晶组件)。 Cast Mono wafers demonstrate high efficiency with the module power close to Cz mono. It is time to apply Cast mono wafers. (铸造单晶的效率非常接近 CZ单晶,是铸锭技术发展的下一步产品) CCZ enables constant resistivity of mono wafers, constant oxygen concentration, and deliver better quality wafers. ( CCZ单晶技术可以做电阻率和氧含量均匀一致的硅片。其潜力值得挖掘)。 The MCL requirement at lower resistivity is discussed. A combination of MCL and resistivity is recommended to evaluate wafer quality. (建议用少子寿命除以电阻率来衡量硅片的电性能)。 The black circle shown by PL caused by striation does not affect the cell performance. (PL 中 看到的因为组分分凝产生的轻微黑圈不影响电池效率,应该当成正常硅片。) 协鑫(集团)控股有限公司 www.gcl-power.com 苏州 地址 :江苏省苏州工业园区新庆路 28号协鑫能源中心 电话 : 86-512-6853 6666 传真 : 86-512-6983 2396 上海 地址 :上海市浦东新区世纪大道 100号环球金融中心 68楼 电话 : 86-21-6857 9688 传真 : 86-21-6877 8699 香港 地址 :香港九龙柯士甸道西一号环球贸易广场 17楼 电话 : 852-2526 8368 传真 : 852-2526 7638