全球可再生能源现状报告2023（第一模块：能源需求）（英文版）--REN21.pdf

RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ENERGY DEMAND             MODUL OVERVIEW POLICY INVESTMENT MARKET DEVELOPMENTS CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES     
              MODUL OVERVIEW POLICY INVESTMENT MARKET DEVELOPMENTS CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES     
              MODUL OVERVIEW POLICY INVESTMENT MARKET DEVELOPMENTS CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES     
              MODUL OVERVIEW POLICY INVESTMENT MARKET DEVELOPMENTS CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES     
  COLLECTION 2023EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Rana Adib REN21 PRESIDENT Arthouros Zervos REN21 MEMBERS MEMBERS AT LARGE Michael Eckhart David Hales Kirsty Hamilton Peter Rae Arthouros Zervos GOVERNMENTS Afghanistan Australia Austria Brazil Denmark Dominican Republic Germany India Mexico Norway Republic of Korea South Africa South Australia Spain United Arab Emirates United States of America SCIENCE AND ACADEMIA AEE – Institute for Sustainable Technologies (AEE-INTEC) Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) Fundación Bariloche (FB) International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) International Solar Energy Society (ISES) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) National Research University Higher School of Economics Russia (HSE) South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI) The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) University of Technology – Institute for Sustainable Futures (UTS) World Resources Institute (WRI) INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS Africa Minigrids Developers Association (AMDA) Alliance for Rural Electrification (ARE) American Council on Renewable Energy (ACORE) Associação Lusófona de Energias Renováveis (ALER) Associação Portuguesa de Energias Renováveis ((APREN) Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association (CREIA) Clean Energy Council (CEC) Euroheat & Power (EHP) European Heat Pump Association (EHPA) European Renewable Energies Federation (EREF) Global Off-Grid Lighting Association (GOGLA) Global Solar Council (GSC) Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) Indian Renewable Energy Federation (IREF) International Geothermal Association (IGA) International Hydropower Association (IHA) RE100/Climate Group RES4Africa Foundation SolarPower Europe (SPE) Union International de Transport Publique (UITP) World Bioenergy Association (WBA) World Wind Energy Association (WWEA) INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS Asia Pacific Energy Research Center (APERC) Asian Development Bank (ADB) ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) Electric Power Council of the Commonwealth of Independent States (EPC) European Commission (EC) Global Environment Facility (GEF) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) Organización Latinoamericana de Energía (OLADE) Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) World Bank (WB) NGOS Association Africaine pour l Electrification Rurale (Club-ER) CDP CLASP Clean Cooking Alliance (CCA) Climate Action Network International (CAN-I) Coalition de Ciudades Capitales de las Americas (CC35) Energy Cities European Youth Energy Network (EYEN) Fundación Renovables (FER) Global Forum on Sustainable Energy (GFSE) Global Women’s Network for the Energy Transition (GWNET) Greenpeace International ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies (ISEP) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Jeune Volontaires pour l Environne- ment (JVE) Mali Folkecenter (MFC) Power for All Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) Renewable Energy Institute (REI) Renewables Grid Initiative (RGI) SLOCAT Partnership on Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport Solar Cookers International (SCI) Sustainable Energy for All (SEforAll) The Global 100% Renewable Energy Platform (Global 100%RE) World Council for Renewable Energy (WCRE) World Future Council (WFC) World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMAND FOREWORD A lot has changed in a decade. The past ten years have brought significant shifts in the renewable energy landscape. Renewables, once an emerging trend, have become a global necessity. Decision makers are finally acknowledging that a world fully energised by renewables is not only desirable but essential to bringing about prosperous economies, sustainable societies and equitable human development. This report presents the first modules of the eight-piece Renewables 2023 Global Status Report (GSR) Collection. The Energy Demand modules on Buildings, Industry, Transport and Agriculture are a testament to the crucial role that energy-consuming sectors play in driving the transition to renewable energy. They underscore the importance of looking beyond the supply side and installed capacities, and recognising that accelerating the demand for renewables across these four sectors is critical. Without substantive progress on the demand side, it will be impossible to achieve the structural transformations needed to shift to a renewables-based energy system, economy and society. With this report, REN21 continues to play a pivotal role in shaping the transition to sustainable energy sources and in bridging the gap between (renewable) energy supply and demand. The findings presented in the GSR Energy Demand modules represent an important step forward in understanding the full potential of renewables in meeting the world s energy needs, as well as the persisting barriers. Renewables are the only energy sources compatible with the vision to “leave no one behind”. Demand sectors are steadily discovering that clean, affordable, secure and accessible energy is key to leveraging for impact. For the first time, the world is using renewable energy solutions to overcome multiple global challenges simultaneously: economic instability, unprecedented energy crises, threats to peace and democracy, and the devastating socio-economic consequences of a global pandemic. We need to harness the political momentum to accelerate this transition. We must build on each other to ensure that renewables are never left out from sustainable development conversations. We must make 2023 the year of renewables. REN21, in its role as knowledge broker for the renewable energy sector, is ambitiously spearheading this global wave of change. Our goal is to amplify the voices of the multi-stakeholder community that we proudly represent. The GSR Energy Demand modules represent a collective effort of hundreds of collaborators who have worked meticulously to paint an accurate picture of renewables today. I extend heartfelt thanks to the REN21 team, authors, special advisors and contributors who have brought their knowledge, time and dedication to producing this report. Your insights, passion and commitment have been instrumental in making the GSR Energy Demand modules a reality. I am confident that this report will serve as a valuable resource for policy makers, industry leaders and other stakeholders to inform decision making and drive the transition to a sustainable future for all a future powered by renewable energy. Sincerely, Rana Adib Executive Director, REN21 3RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT - RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMAND Module Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Market Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Challenges and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Module Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Market Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Challenges and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Module Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Market Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Challenges and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Module Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Market Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Challenges and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMAND: GLOBAL TRENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 BUILDINGS IN FOCUS AGRICULTURE IN FOCUS 16 50            MODUL OVERVIEW POLICY INVESTMENT MARKET DEVELOPMENTS CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES    
            MODUL OVERVIEW POLICY INVESTMENT MARKET DEVELOPMENTS CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES    
 TABLE OF CONTENTS TRANSPORT IN FOCUS 38            MODUL OVERVIEW POLICY INVESTMENT MARKET DEVELOPMENTS CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES    
 INDUSTRY IN FOCUS 28            MODUL OVERVIEW POLICY INVESTMENT MARKET DEVELOPMENTS CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES    
 4R Energy Units and Conversion Factors R Data Collection and Validation R Methodological Notes R Glossary R List of Abbreviations Reference Tables can be accessed through the GSR 2023 Energy Demand Data Pack at R http://www.ren21.net/gsr2023-data-pack. Comments and questions are welcome and can be sent to gsr@ren21.net. DISCLAIMER: REN21 releases issue papers and reports to emphasise the importance of renewable energy and to generate discussion on issues central to the promotion of renewable energy. While REN21 papers and reports have benefited from the considerations and input from the REN21 community, they do not necessarily represent a consensus among network participants on any given point. Although the information given in this report is the best available to the authors at the time, REN21 and its participants cannot be held liable for its accuracy and correctness. The designations employed and the presentation of material in the maps in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, and is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers or boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. REPORT CITATION REN21. 2023. Renewables 2023 Global Status Report collection, Renewables in Energy Demand (Paris: REN21 Secretariat). ISBN 978-3-948393-07-6 Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Photo Credits and Impressum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 FIGURES SNAPSHOTS LINKS TO MICROSITE Figure 1. Renewables in Energy Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Figure 2. Number of Countries with Renewable Energy Regulatory Policies, by Demand Sector, 2012–2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Figure 3. Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption in Buildings, 2010, 2019 and 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Figure 4. Energy Consumption in Buildings by Major Country/Region, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Figure 5. Energy Consumption for Heating in Buildings, by Source, 2011 and 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Figure 6. Regulatory Policies in Buildings, by Building Type, as of End-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Figure 7. Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption in Industry, 2010, 2019 and 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Figure 8. Renewable Energy Share and Electrification Rates in Selected Industry Sub-Sectors, 2020 . 33 Figure 9. Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption in Transport, 2010, 2019 and 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Figure 10. National and Sub-National Renewable Biofuel Mandates and Targets, as of End-2022 . . . . . . . 41 Figure 11. Targets for Renewable Power and Electric Vehicles, as of End-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Figure 12. Investment in Electric Vehicles, by Major Country, 2018-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Figure 13. Renewables in Transport by Region, 2010-2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Figure 14. Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption in Agriculture, 2010, 2019 and 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Figure 15. National and Sub-National Renewable Energy Targets and Fiscal/Financial Policies in the Agriculture Sector, as of End-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 US - China . . . . . . . . .