2023年版跟踪可持续发展目标7：能源进展报告（英文版）-国际能源署.pdf

THE ENERGY PROGRESS REPORT TRACKING SDG7 2023 A joint report of the custodian agencies United Nations Statistics Division© 2023 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473 1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a joint product of the staff of the five custodian agencies, namely the World Bank, the International Energy Agency, the International Renewable Energy Agency, the United Nations, and the World Health Organization, with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the custodian agencies, their respective Board of Executive Directors (or equivalent), members or the governments they represent. 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Report designed by: Duina Reyes Cover photo: Getty Images/Me 3645 StudioA joint report of the custodian agencies United Nations Statistics Division THE ENERGY PROGRESS REPORT TRACKING SDG7 2023Acknowledgments 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 CHAPTER 1 32 ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY CHAPTER 2 66 ACCESS TO CLEAN FUELS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR COOKING CHAPTER 3 98 RENEWABLES CHAPTER 4 132 ENERGY EFFICIENCY CHAPTER 5 160 INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC FINANCIAL FLOWS TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN SUPPORT OF CLEAN ENERGY CHAPTER 6 194 THE OUTLOOK FOR SDG 7 CHAPTER 7 222 TRACKING PROGRESS TOWARD SDG 7 ACROSS TARGETS: INDICATORS AND DATA TABLE OF CONTENTS2 Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2023 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Partnership The Energy Progress Report is a product of close collaboration among the five SDG 7 custodian agencies delivered through a specially constituted Steering Group: • International Energy Agency (IEA) • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) • United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) • World Bank • World Health Organization (WHO) The Steering Group was supported by the SDG 7 Technical Advisory Group, composed as follows. • African Development Bank (AfDB) • Clean Cooking Alliance • Denmark (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) • ENERGIA • European Commission • FIA Foundation • Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) • Germany (Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development) • Hivos • International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis • International Labour Organization (ILO) • Islamic Development Bank • Kenya (Ministry of Energy and Petroleum) • Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE) • Norway (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) • Pakistan (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) • Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN 21)3 Acknowledgments • Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) • TERI School of Advanced Studies • The Netherlands (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) • The United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS) • UAE (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) • United Nations Association of China • United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF) • United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UN DESA) • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) • United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) • United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) • United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) • United Nations Economic Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) • United Nations Economic Programme for Europe (UNECE) • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) • United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) • United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) • United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) • Vienna University of Technology The financial and technical support of the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is gratefully acknowledged. A partnership between the World Bank and 24 entities, ESMAP helps low- and middle-income countries reduce poverty and boost growth through sustainable energy. ESMAP’s analytical and advisory services are fully integrated within the World Bank’s country financing and policy dialogue in the energy sector. 4 Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2023 Authorship The Steering Group’s work for the 2023 edition of the report was chaired by the World Health Organization (WHO) and made possible by agreement among the senior management of the member agencies. Fatih Birol (IEA), Francesco La Camera (IRENA), Stefan Schweinfest (UNSD), Demetrios Papathanasiou (World Bank), Maria Neira (WHO), and Gabriela Elizondo Azuela (ESMAP) oversaw the development of the Energy Progress Report in collaboration with Minoru Takada (UNDESA). The technical co-leadership of the project by the custodian agencies was the responsibility of Laura Cozzi (IEA), Rabia Ferroukhi (IRENA), Leonardo Souza (UNSD), Elisa Portale (World Bank), and Heather Adair-Rohani (WHO). • The chapter on access to electricity was prepared by the World Bank (Jiyun Park and Clara Galeazzi), with contributions from IRENA (Gerardo Escamilla and Divyam Nagpal), the Global Off-Grid Lighting Association (Oliver Reynolds and Susie Wheeldon), and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (Francesca Coloni and Theresa Beltramo). • The chapter on clean cooking was prepared by the WHO (Heather Adair-Rohani, Alina Cherkas, Ryanne Fujita- Conrads, Josselyn Mothe, Tzu-Wei Joy Tseng, Karin Troncoso Torrez, and Kendra Williams), with substantial contributions from Oliver Stoner (University of Glasgow). • The chapter on renewable energy was prepared by the IEA (Francois Briens, Roberta Quadrelli, Pouya Taghavi, Jeremy Moorhouse, and Yannick Monschauer) and IRENA (Mirjam Reiner, Gerardo Escamilla, Diala Hawila, Hannah Guinto, Faran Rana, and Divyam Nagpal), with substantial contributions from UNSD (Leonardo Souza and Agnieszka Koscielniak). • The chapter on energy efficiency was prepared by the IEA (Yannick Monschauer, Emi Bertoli, Pauline Henriot, Vida Rozite, Nicholas Howarth, Kevin Lane, Roberta Quadrelli, and Pouya Taghavi), with contributions from UNSD (Leonardo Souza and Agnieszka Koscielniak). • The chapter on financial flows was prepared by the IRENA (Gerardo Escamilla, Mirjam Reiner, Diala Hawila, Faran Rana, and Hannah Guinto). • The Outlook chapter was prepared by the IEA (Daniel Wetzel, Gianluca Tonolo, Yannick Monschauer, Carlo Starace, and Nouhoun Diarra), with IRENA (Ricardo Gorini, Nicholas Wagner, Mirjam Reiner, Hannah Guinto, and Jinlei Feng). • The chapter on indicators and data was jointly prepared by the custodian agencies under the coordination of WHO (Josselyn Mothe, Alina Cherkas, and Heather Adair-Rohani).5 Acknowledgments Data Sources The report draws on two meta databases of global household surveys—the Global Electrification Database managed by the World Bank and the Global Household Energy Database and related estimates managed by WHO. Energy balance statistics and indicators for renewable energy and energy efficiency were prepared by IEA (Roberta Quadrelli and Pouya Taghavi, with support from Alexandre Bizeul and Juha Koykka) and UNSD (Leonardo Souza, Agnieszka Koscielniak, and Costanza Giovannelli). The indicator on international financial flows to developing countries was prepared by IRENA (Gerardo Escamilla) based on the IRENA Public Investments Database and the OECD/DAC Creditor Reporting System. Data on gross domestic product and value-added were drawn chiefly from the World Development Indicators of the World Bank. Population data are from the United Nations Population Division. Review and Consultation The public consultation and peer review process was coordinated by WHO. Comments were provided by Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), European Union (EU), Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL), Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), and United Nations International Children s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). The IEA’s internal review process was led by Laura Cozzi with contributions from Yannick Monschauer, Daniel Wetzel, Francois Briens, Pouya Taghavi, Roberta Quadrelli, and Gianluca Tonolo. IRENA’s internal review process was led by Rabia Ferroukhi, with contributions from Ute Collier, Divyam Nagpal, Mirjam Reiner, and Gerardo Escamilla. The UNSD’s internal review process was led by Leonardo Souza, with contributions from Agnieszka Koscielniak. The World Bank’s internal peer review process was led by Demetrios Papathanasiou, with contributions from Gabriela Elizondo Azuela, Dana Rysankova, Sandeep Kohil, Jan Friedrich Kappen, Alisha Noella Pinto, Carlos Andres Guadarrama Gandara, Chiedza Portia Mazaiwana, Christophe de Gouvello, Dolf Jean Gielen, Henrik Rytter Jensen, Johanna Christine Galan, Raluca Georgiana Golumbeanu, Sharmila Bellur, and Tarek Keskes. Outreach The communications process was led by Paul Safar (WHO) in coordination with the custodian agencies’ communication focal points: Grace Gordon and Merve Erdem (IEA), Nanda Febriani Moenandar (IRENA), Lucie Cecile Blyth (WB), and, on behalf of UNSD: Francyne Harrigan, Martina Donlon (UN DGC), and Pragati Pascale (UN DESA). The online platform (http://trackingSDG7.esmap.org) was developed by Derilinx, Inc. The report was edited, designed, and typeset by Duina Reyes and Steven Kennedy.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Photo: © Unsplash by Aboodi Vesakaran EXECUTIVE SUMMARY7 OVERVIEW Since its inception in 2018, Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report has become the global reference point for information on the realization of SDG 7. It is produced annually by five of the custodian agencies responsible for tracking global progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7), which is to “ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.” The custodians developing the report are the International Energy Agency (IEA), the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), the World Bank, and the World Health Organization (WHO). The report offers the international community a global summary of progress on energy access, energy efficiency, renewable energy, clean cooking, and international cooperation to advance SDG 7. It presents updated statistics for each of the indicators and provides policy insights on priority areas and actions needed to spur further progress on SDG 7, as well as related SDGs. Figure ES.1 offers an updated snapshot of the primary indicators for the most recent year. Despite some progress across the indi