20221011世界气象组织《2022年气候服务状况：能源》.pdf

2022 STATE OF CLIMATE SERVICES ENERGYContributors / Publishing details Report Editorial Board (WMO): Johannes Cullmann, Maxx Dilley, Paul Egerton, Veronica F. Grasso, Cyrille Honoré, Filipe Lúcio, Jürg Luterbacher, Clare Nullis, Brigitte Perrin, Mary Power, Anthony Rea, Johan Stander Scientific review: WMO Study Group on Integrated Energy Services (SG-ENE) Scientific editors: Maxx Dilley, Veronica F. Grasso, Tom Idle, Nakiete Msemo Project coordination team (WMO): Veronica F. Grasso, Roberta Boscolo, Maxx Dilley, Hamid Bastani, Nakiete Msemo; DWD: Tobias Fuchs; ENEL Foundation: Carlo Papa, Claudio Pregagnoli, Luca Spinosa; WEMC: Alberto Troccoli Agence Francaise de Développement (AFD): Julie Bompas, Marie-Noelle Woillez Adaptation Fund (AF): Alyssa Maria Gomes, Saliha Dobardzic, Claudia Lasprilla Pina Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC): Albert Soret, Ilaria Vigo Climate Investment Funds (CIF): Abhishek Bhaskar, Xianfu Lu, Loreta Rufo Climate Policy Initiative (CPI): Baysa Naran, Morgan Richmond Copernicus Climate Change Service, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (C3S, ECMWF): Chiara Cagnazzo Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD): Tobias Fuchs, Frank Kaspar Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI): Delavane Diaz, Laura Fischer, Rachel Gantz, Mike Howard, Morgan Scott Électricité de France (EDF): Sylvie Parey ENEL Foundation: Carlo Papa, Claudio Pregagnoli, Luca Spinosa Energy Sector Management Assistance Program of the World Bank (ESMAP): Elisa Portale, Jiyun Park, Stephen Halloway Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization (GEIDCO): Han Huang, Changyi Liu, Xian Tan, Zijian Zhao, Fang Yang, Jinyu Xiao, Zhanghua Zheng Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies: Isha Bhasin, Jérôme Duberry, Medha Manish, Emma Leonarda Magdalena Nijssen, Sekela Salome Ombura Green Climate Fund (GCF): Monica Gullberg, Edson Hlatshwayo, Joseph Intsiful, Carol Litwin Global Environment Facility (GEF): Aloke Barnwal, Fareeha Iqbal Group on Earth Observations (GEO): Hesham M. El-Askary (Chapman University), Stelios Kazadzis (Physics and Meteor. Obs. Davos/World Radiation Center), Charalampos (Haris) Kontoes (National Observatory of Athens), Thierry Ranchin (MINES Paris), Sara Venturini International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Bertrand Magne, Henri Paillere International Energy Agency (IEA): Jinsun Lim, Chiara D’Adamo International Hydropower Association (IHA): Alex Campbell, Debbie Gray International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Claire Kiss, Imen Gherboudj, Elizabeth Press Open Hydro: Maria Ubierna, Cristina Diez Réseau de Transport d’Electricité (RTE): Laurent Dubus Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL): Alvin Jose UN-Energy: Bahareh Seyedi, Minoru Takada World Energy operations, maintenance and management of energy systems; electricity integration into the grid; and impact assessment of energy systems. For example, climate 18 Life Cycle Water Use for Electricity Generation: A Review and Harmonization of Literature Estimates 19 COP26 climate pledges could help limit global warming to 1.8 °C, but implementing them will be the key 20 IRENA, based on analysis of NDCs. 21 Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy 22 World Energy Outlook 2021 23 Renewable Energy Market Analysis: Africa and its Regions 24 SDG7 2022 report services are providing warnings ahead of dry conditions for hydropower operations planning in Tajikistan; localized wind-resource information is aiding full-value-chain wind industry decision-making; and climate services are supporting the placement of solar panels on noise barriers in Germany. Seventy-nine per cent of WMO Members provide climate services for energy, including some particularly notable examples. However, less than 50% of Members provide tailored products for the energy sector, which shows the untapped potential of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) and the efforts required to address the emerging needs of this sector. Specialized services for renewable energy are sub-optimal. Just 25 Members maintain a dedicated observing network for energy services, and only 18 Members have access to observational or simulated data on energy from other national public, private and/or academic sector entities. Existing climate services for energy systems need to be expanded, and climate services for the energy system transition, in particular, need strengthening. INVESTMENTS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY NEED TO TRIPLE BY 2050, INCLUDING FOR CLIMATE SERVICES FOR ENERGY The radical transformation of the global energy system requires a significant increase in annual investment in energy from just over US$ 2 trillion globally to almost US$ 5 trillion by 2030. 22 Current levels of investment in renewable energy need to at least triple to put the world on a net zero trajectory by 2050, according to the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI), including for climate services. In 2019–2020, the majority of renewable energy investments were made in the East Asia and Pacific region (mainly China and Japan), followed by Western Europe, and North America, mainly the United States and Canada, according to CPI. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and CPI, developing and emerging economies continue to remain underrepresented when it comes to accessing clean energy finance. Further, only 2% of such investment in the last two decades was made in Africa. 23 International public financial flows to developing countries in support of clean energy decreased in 2019 for the second year in a row, falling to US$ 10.9 billion. This level of support was 23% lower than the US$ 14.2 billion provided in 2018, 25% lower than the 2010–2019 average, and less than half of the peak of US$ 24.7 billion in 2017. 24 6