2022-2031年气候变化战略（英文版）-FAO.pdf

FAO STRATEGY ON CLIMATE CHANGE 2022–2031 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2022 FAO STRATEGY ON CLIMATE CHANGE 2022–2031 FAO. 2022. FAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022–2031. Rome. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. © FAO, 2022 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications-sales@fao.org. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/ licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: copyright@fao.org. iii CONTENTS FOREWORD v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. CLIMATE CHANGE: A GLOBAL THREAT TO FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 5 A. The latest scientific evidence 5 B. Agrifood systems and climate change 7 C. Harnessing good practices and innovative solutions 9 III. SCOPE OF THE FAO STRATEGY ON CLIMATE CHANGE 11 A. Climate change in the FAO Strategic Framework 11 B. Vision and guiding principles 12 C. Theory of Change of the Strategy on Climate Change 15 IV. THREE PILLARS FOR ENHANCED ACTION 19 A. Global and regional levels: strengthening global and regional climate policy and governance 19 B. Country level: developing countries’ capacities for climate action 22 C. Local level: scaling up climate action on the ground 24 V. IMPLEMENTING THE STRATEGY AND MEASURING ITS SUCCESS 27 REFERENCES 29 GLOSSARY 33 iv © F A O /L uis T ato v FOREWORD At a time when the number of hungry people is on the rise, the world is still reeling from COVID-19, our ecosystems are degrading and inequalities widening, the presentation of the new FAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022-2031 is timely. Setting our agenda and guiding our work for the next ten years, the Strategy rests on our vision of climate- resilient agriculture to transform agrifood systems to be more efficient, more inclusive, more resilient and more sustainable, accelerating the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This new fit-for-purpose FAO Strategy on Climate Change responds to the worldwide challenge of tackling the impacts of the climate crisis, while aiming to address a broad range of interlinked challenges, including biodiversity loss, desertification, land and environmental degradation, the need for accessible, affordable renewable energy, and food and water security. Building on the momentum from recent achievements, pledges and initiatives reached at UN Climate Conferences and in other global events and fora, the Strategy reflects FAO’s strengthened support to Members in their ambitions to implement the Paris Agreement and other relevant frameworks. Sustainable and resilient agrifood systems provide a variety of solutions that respond to the climate crisis challenges and contribute to restoring degraded natural and managed ecosystems. I believe that holistic, integrated actions, springing from coordinated and collective efforts, will make our agrifood systems a central part of the global climate solution, and our planet a better place to live, ensuring food security and a more equitable future for all. The new Strategy on Climate Change looks beyond only food production by considering crops and livestock, forests, fisheries and aquaculture and related value chains, livelihoods, biodiversity and ecosystems in a holistic manner, as well as embracing the indispensable role of women, youth and Indigenous Peoples, as essential agents of change. Endorsed by the 170th Session of the FAO Council, this Strategy is also key to delivering the FAO Strategic Framework 2022-2031 and accelerating agrifood system-related climate actions at global, regional, country and local levels and across sectors. It aims to help countries implement their country-driven commitments and plans, including Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), ensuring that all actors, especially small-scale producers, are fully enabled, empowered and involved in decision-making processes. FAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022–2031 vi I wish to thank all FAO Members, Chairs and Vice-Chairs of the Regional Groups, the Chairs of the Council Committees and the Independent Chair of the Council, for their support in the professional, transparent and inclusive consultative process to develop the Strategy. Together we can deliver the new Strategy on Climate Change through game-changing, innovative and science-based solutions, through effective collaboration and strong partnerships working collectively towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Let us join forces to turn the ambitions set out in the Strategy for Climate Change into tangible actions and real change to achieve our collective goal of the 4 Betters: better production, better nutrition, a better environment and a better life for all, leaving no one behind. Qu Dongyu FAO Director-General vii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AF Adaptation Fund CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CC climate change CFS Committee on World Food Security COP Conference of the Parties COP26 26th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC GCF Green Climate Fund GEF Global Environment Facility GIS geographic information system HLPE high level panel of experts IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LULUCF land use, land-use change and forestry NAPs national adaptation plans NDCs nationally determined contributions PPAs programme priority areas RBAs Rome-based agencies REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SDGs Sustainable Development Goals UN United Nations UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNGA United Nations General Assembly FAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022–2031 viii UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNIN UN Innovation Network UNISDR United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction UNSDG United Nations Sustainable Development Group WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization CH 4 methane CO 2 carbon dioxide N 2 O nitrous oxide Chemical symbols ix Climate change is a global challenge that requires comprehensive and cross-sectoral action, including across agrifood systems. Such action needs to be taken in full consideration of international goals and agreements, such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its universally agreed Sustainable Development Goals, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and the Paris Agreement. It also needs to be rooted in the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. To accelerate its contribution towards the 2030 Agenda, FAO has, within its mandate and comparative advantages, developed a new Strategy on Climate Change for the next ten years. The Strategy on Climate Change echoes the recognition of the Paris Agreement of the fundamental priority of safeguarding food security and ending hunger. It presents the role of agrifood systems as part of the solution to climate change and seeks complementarities with the missions of other organizations and related agreements. The urgency to act on climate change impacts on agrifood systems has never been clearer, as indicated by the latest reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Agrifood systems must become more resilient to the current and future impacts of climate change, learning from good practices to promote transformative adaptation policies, plans and actions. The Paris Agreement calls for holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. This necessitates rapid, deep and sustained reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, including from agrifood systems. Climate action in a coherent manner, as appropriate, in accordance with and dependent on national contexts and capacities through agrifood systems offers considerable potential to maximise co-benefits of adaptation and mitigation, while achieving other Sustainable Development Goals. FAO seeks to enhance its support to Members in their efforts with respect to climate change adaptation and mitigation, working towards climate-resilient and low-emission agrifood systems while striving to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, in particular eradicating hunger and malnutrition. Climate action at global, regional, national and local levels across agrifood systems is fundamental to their transformation in a coherent manner according to, and dependent on, national contexts and capacities, including for the pursuit of other environmental, social and economic objectives. Based on the FAO Members’ request at the 166th Session of the Council for “inclusive consultations ahead of the 168th Session of the Council to start the development of EXECUTIVE SUMMARY x FAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022–2031 the new FAO Strategy on Climate Change” and the support expressed by Members at the 168th Session of the Council for the outline and roadmap of the Strategy, FAO has developed the new Strategy on Climate Change through an inclusive and consultative process engaging FAO Members, FAO experts at headquarters and regional, subregional and country offices, and external partners. The Strategy on Climate Change builds on the FAO Strategy on Climate Change published in 2017, is aligned with and contributes to the implementation of the FAO Strategic Framework 2022–31, reflecting FAO’s vision of a world free from hunger and malnutrition where food and agriculture contribute to improving the living standards of all, especially the poorest, in an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable manner. The principles guiding the Strategy on Climate Change and FAO’s climate action emphasize inclusiveness, innovation, partnerships, science and evidence as well as the “no-one- size-fits-all” and system-oriented approaches, with farmers, livestock keepers, fishers, aquaculturists, forest-dependent people, food value chain workers, Indigenous Peoples, youth, women and their groups, and people in vulnerable situations placed at the centre. FAO’s vision for the Strategy on Climate Change Agrifood systems are sustainable, inclusive, resilient and adaptive to climate change and its impacts and contribute to low-emission economies while providing sufficient, safe and nutritious foods for healthy diets, as well as other agricultural products and services, 1 for present and future generations, leaving no one behind. 1 Agricultural products and services are from crop-based farming system and livestock systems, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, including related ecosystems. © F A O /V y achesla v Oseledk o xi The Strategy on Climate Change action is organized under three Pillars focusing on action at: ¸ GLOBAL AND REGIONAL LEVELS: Strengthening global and regional climate policy and governance; ¸ COUNTRY LEVEL: Developing countries’ capacities for climate action; and ¸ LOCAL LEVEL: Scaling up climate action on the ground. The Strategy on Climate Change is operationalized through a regularly reviewed Action Plan with targets, indicators, timelines, responsibilities and a tracking process, including plans for capacity development, resource mobilization and communication. The implementation of the Strategy on Climate Change will seek multi-stakeholder partnerships, including with Rome-based Agencies and other United Nations agencies, financial institutions and the private sector, as well as by means of instruments such as South-South and Triangular Cooperation. Executive summary ©F A O /L uis T ato xii ©F A O /P aulina Prasuła 1 1. With the estimated number of people facing hunger rising to 720-811 million in 2020 2 and the already tangible impacts of climate change and extreme weather events on food security, nutrition and poverty, the urgency to address climate change has significantly i