世界银行-尼日尔国家环境分析（英文版）.pdf

Niger Country Environmental Analysis NIGER COUNTRY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized© 2023 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. 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Used with the permission of © mtcurado / iStockphoto. Further permission required for reuse. Cover design: Will Kemp, Global Corporate Solutions, World Bank Group.Contents Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1. Overall environmental situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2. Niger’s natural capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3. Government efforts on sustainable natural resources management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4. Objective and structure of the CEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 Land degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2. Drivers of land degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3. Cost of land degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.4. The impact on food security and malnutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.5. The impact on food trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.6. The impact on livelihoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.7. The impact on migration and fragility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.8. Current efforts to address land degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.9. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3 Deforestation and forest degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.2. Forest cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.3. Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.4. Deforestation and forest degradation: extent and carbon loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.5. Current efforts to address key issues related to forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4 Climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.2. Expected impacts of climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.3. Government efforts to address climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46NIGER COUNTRY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS iv 5 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5.1. Enhancing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5.2. Supporting policy reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.3. Building knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Annex 1. Main actors involved in environmental management in Niger . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Annex 2. Cost of agricultural productivity loss due to land degradation . . . . . . . . . . . 66 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Boxes Box 2.1. Land degradation methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Box 2.2. Improved livelihoods through FMNR in Maradi and Zinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Box 2.3. Overview of institutional actors engaged in sustainable land management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Box 3.1. Differential taxation, a fiscal instrument to protect forest resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Box 3.2. Land restoration initiatives in Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Box 5.1. Maison du Paysan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Box 5.2. TerriStories—An innovative participatory planning tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Figures Figure 1. Cost of land degradation by region xiv Figure 2. Cost of land degradation by crop (%) . xiv Figure 3. Trends in forest area and other wooded lands xvi Figure 4. Projected mean temperature in Niger xvii Figure 5. Niger’s emissions profile .xvii Figure 1.1. Natural capital in Niger . 2 Figure 1.2. Natural capital per capita in Niger . 2 Figure 1.3. Share of income from different sources, per region 3 Figure 2.1. Niger mean temperature annual trends 11 Figure 2.2. Average Annual PDSI for Niger .12 Figure 2.3. Change in distribution of precipitation in Niger .13 Figure 2.4. Wind speed in Niger (m/s) .13 Figure 2.5. Evolution of TLUs in Niger between 2005 and 2019 15 Figure 2.6. TLUs per region in 2019 .15 Figure 2.7. Cost of land degradation by region (US$) 17 Figure 2.8. Cost of land degradation by crop (%) 17 Figure 2.9. Food insecurity in rural areas by region, Niger .18 Figure 2.10. Regreening using Zai pits and half- moon water harvesting techniques 19 Figure 2.11. Estimated per capita intake in grams per day of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts and seeds, and milk, 2000–2017 . 20CONTENTS v Figure 2.12. Prevalence of acute malnutrition (global/severe) in children 6–59 months by region in 2020 20 Figure 2.13. Food imports in Niger—2014, 2018, and 2020 (%) .21 Figure 2.14. Food exports in Niger—2014, 2018, and 2020 (%) . 22 Figure 3.1. Trees and shrublands areas in Niger (ha) 30 Figure 3.2. Forest area (1,000 ha) .31 Figure 3.3. Area of natural forests (1,000 ha) .31 Figure 3.4. Social cost of carbon due to forest loss during 2015–2020 34 Figure 4.1. Projected mean temperature in Niger .41 Figure 4.2. Niger’s GHG reference profile for 2014 42 Figure 4.3. Economic impact of climate change in Niger . 44 Maps Map 1. Land degradation in Niger between 2001 and 2015 . xiii Map 2.1. Map of land degradation 2001–2015—Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 15.3 target indicator .10 Map 2.2. PDSI for Nigerien regions in 1980 and 2020 .12 Map 2.3. Land use and land cover time series, 1975 and 2013 14 Map 2.4. Regional land degradation maps .16 Map 2.5. Livelihood zones in Niger 23 Map 3.1. Carbon storage in Niger . 33 Tables Table 1. Key recommendations for Niger xx Table 2.1. Characteristics of rural livelihoods in Niger, 2012 . 23 Table 3.1. Additional strategic documents and relevant texts 35 Table 4.1. Broad- scale sectoral vulnerabilities and potential climate change impacts in Niger 43 Table A.2.1. Results of the analysis by region and crop . 67NIGER COUNTRY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS vi Photo: Andrea Borgarello / World Bank GroupACRONYMS vii Acronyms Acronym Description 3N Nigeriens Nourish Nigeriens ABN Niger River Basin Authority (Autorité du Bassin du Fleuve Niger) AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use ANEB National Association of Wood Harvesters (Association Nationale des Exploitants de Bois) ANGA National Association of Professionals of Arabic Gum (Association Nationale des Professionnels de la Gomme Arabique) AREN Association for the Revitalization of Livestock in Niger (Association pour la Redynamisation de l’Élevage au Niger) BEEEI Environmental Assessment and Impact Studies Bureau (Bureau National d’Évaluation Environnementale Et des Etudes d’Impact) CAP Community Action Program CEA Country Environmental Analysis CNEDD National Council for Environment and Sustainable Development (Conseil National de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable) CNSEE National Center for Ecological and Environmental Monitoring (Centre National de Surveillance Écologique et Environnementale) CNSF National Center for Forest Seeds (Centre National de Semences Forestières) DGEDD General Directorate for the Environment and Sustainable Development (Direction Générale de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable) DGEF General Directorate for Water and Forests (Directorate General des Eaux et Forests) ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EPI Environmental Performance Index ESA European Space Agency ESDS Economic and Social Development Strategy (Plan de Développement Economic et Social) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FCV Fragility, Conflict, and Violence FMNR Farmer- Managed Natural Regeneration GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Greenhouse Gas GoN Government of NigerNIGER COUNTRY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS viii Acronym Description ICDP Integrated Community Development Plan ISFM Integrated Soil Fertility Management LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas MP Maison du Paysan NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NGO Nongovernmental Organization NTFP Non- Timber Forest Product PANGIRE National Action Plan for the Integrated Management of Water resources (Plan d’Action National de Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau) PDC Communal Development Plan (Plan de Développement Communal) PDSI Palmer Drought Severity Index PIK Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research PNCC National Policy on Climate Change (Politique Nationale en matière de Changements Climatiques PNEDD National Plan for the Environment and Sustainable Development (Plan National pour l’Environnement et le Développement Durable) RCP Representative Concentration Pathway SDDCI Sustainable Development and Inclusive Growth Strategy (Stratégie de Développement Durable et de Croissance Inclusive) SDDEL Sustainable Livestock Development Strategy (Stratégie de Développement Durable de l’Élevage) SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SNP A- C V C National Strategy and Plan of Action for Climate Change and Variability (Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Action/Climat et Variabilité Climatique) SPN2A National Strategy and Plan for Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change (Stratégie et Plan National de l’Adaptation de l’Agriculture) TLU Tropical Livestock Unit UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WHO World Health OrganizationACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix Acknowledgments The preparation of this report was led by Yasmina Oodally (World Bank Task Team Leader and Environmental Specialist). The report was prepared by the World Bank Africa West Environment, Natural Resources, and Blue Economy Global Practice (AFW ENB GP), in coordination with the Government of Niger (GoN). The report was co-authored by Jose Diego Hopkins Alfaro, Herbert Francisco Curry Arceo,