2021-2022年碳定价领导联盟报告（英）-碳定价领导联盟.pdf

CARBON PRICING LEADERSHIP REPORT 2021/22 This report was prepared by the Secretariat of the Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition under the leadership of Venkata Ramana Putti and Angela Churie Kallhauge. Jichong Wu managed the project with support from Jeannette Ramirez, Pola Seongeun Shim, Shamini Selvaratnam, and Go Mukai. It covers the period ending May 31, 2022. Contributors Alejandra Mazariegos (World Bank), Anna Boneta Herrero (Andorra), Anna Nakleskina (RUSAL), Astrid Krizus (Canada), Barbara Baarsma (Rabo Carbon Bank), Cecile Bussy (Sweep), Cédric de Meeûs (Holcim), Chris Leeds (Standard Chartered Bank), Claire Ong (CPLC Singapore), David Boey Meng- Whye (Temasek), Dirk Forrester (International Trading and Emissions Association), Elizabeth Wilmott (Microsoft), Gabriel Tan (CPLC Singapore), Gerard Mestrallet (Afalula), Gloria Kasang Bulus (Citizens’ Climate International), Helen Mountford (ClimateWorks Foundation), Jeroom Remmers (True Animal Protein Price Coalition), Jessica Lam (Microsoft), Joe Robertson (Citizens’ Climate International), John Hansen (Powerledger), Joseph Dixon Callisto Pryor (World Bank), Joseph Ibrahim (Citizens’ Climate International), Juan Carlos Jobet (former CPLC co-chair), Juan Pedro Searle (Chile), Judy Meltzer (Canada), Justin Trudeau (Canada), Kazuhisa Koakutsu (Japan), Laurie Ristrino (Voluntary Carbon Market Integrity Initiative), Liubov Yaroshenko (En+ Group), Lucie Aubeaux (Afalula), Mahendra Singhi (Dalmia Cement), Malek Al-Chalabi (Shell), Mari Pangestu (World Bank), Marie Reynolds (Unilever), Marijke Vermaak (Canada), Mauricio Cárdenas (Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University), Michael Green (Climate Capital Advisors), Mischa Repmann (Swiss Re), Paula Vanlaningham (S fax: 202-522-2625; email: pubrights@worldbank.org. Editing and design by Clarity Global Strategic Communications (www.clarityglobal.net).1 About this report This annual Carbon Pricing Leadership Report complements the Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition’s advocacy and networking activities by elevating the thinking of leaders in the mitigation arena and sharing how partners across all sectors are putting a price on carbon and engaging in carbon markets to reduce their emissions. With less than a decade to go before the Paris Agreement’s 2030 deadline, collaboration and knowledge-sharing is more important now than ever before. We hope this report will inspire decision- makers from all sectors to commit to ambitious climate action through carbon pricing in the years to come. ABOUT THIS REPORT The Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition is a voluntary initiative that brings together leaders from government, business, civil society, and academia to enhance global understanding of carbon pricing as a tool for accelerating and financing effective climate action.2 Contents 3 Foreword 5 Carbon pricing: a global opportunity 6 Carbon pricing still an important mitigation tool as time runs out 8 Mobilizing engagement in carbon pricing through globally accessible carbon markets 10 Report of the Task Force on Net Zero Goals and Carbon Pricing 14 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS IN CARBON PRICING 15 Article 6 breakthroughs improve integrity for carbon market growth 17 Gulf States make firm strides towards entering carbon markets 18 UNFCCC MENA Regional Climate Week 19 Partner updates 21 PMIF programs: supporting countries as they enter carbon markets 22 Low prices are limiting carbon pricing’s potential 24 CORPORATE LEADERSHIP IN ACTION 25 Surge in carbon markets is driving innovation in technologies and methodologies 26 News from the frontiers of voluntary carbon markets 27 Promising partnerships, programs, and technologies 29 Our next priority: decarbonizing agri-food 30 How carbon pricing is helping the private sector strive for net zero 33 Citizens’ Climate International supports climate income 34 ABOUT THE CPLC 35 Much to celebrate, much more to be done 37 Who we are 37 Our mission 37 Our approach 38 Our priorities 38 Our leaders and team 38 Advisory group 39 Other programs under the Partnership for Market Implementation Facility 40 Our activities in 2021/22 43 Our partners CONTENTS3 Foreword Even as the worst of the pandemic starts to recede, the war in Ukraine threatens to impact global development outcomes. At the same time, climate impacts continue to mount. The findings of the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports provide a stark warning: we must decarbonize our economies at an accelerated pace and scale and reach net zero emissions by 2050 to avoid fundamentally altering our planet’s climate and its irreversible impacts on development. We must take bold and swift action and we must do so now to ensure that we can realize green, resilient, and inclusive development. The good news is that we already have many of the tools to facilitate a transformative shift towards a net-zero future—pricing carbon chief among them. And while coverage and price levels are still too low—less than 4 percent of global emissions are currently covered by a carbon price within the range needed by 2030 to meet the Paris Agreement temperature goals— there are clear, positive signs. Emissions trading systems (ETSs) were largely resilient to reduced economic activity as a result of COVID-19. Several countries increased their carbon tax rates and adopted more ambitious trajectories, and pilot ETSs are being considered in a number of countries, including national and regional programs. After six years of negotiations, COP26 in Glasgow finalized the long-awaited Article 6 of the Paris Agreement rulebook for international cooperation through carbon markets. It gives countries the tools they need for environmental integrity to avoid double counting and paves the way to get private capital flowing to developing countries. The finalization of the rulebook acts as a primer for carbon markets. It holds a promise of decisive action as more companies and governments ambitiously explore putting a price on carbon through the market to incentivize climate action and achieve their long-term target of net-zero emissions by mid-century. T he past two years of the global pandemic profoundly impacted our societies and economies. The COVID crisis heightened the need for multi- lateralism to tackle global challenges. Mari Pangestu Managing Director of Development Policy and Partnerships, World Bank4 The World Bank Group is uniquely poised to support clients to prepare, plan, build capacity, and implement carbon pricing policies and reach their net-zero goals. Last year, we operationalized the Partnership for Market Implementation, a 10-year program that will build on our earlier efforts to ready countries for carbon pricing. We also published our Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP) 2021– 2025 , which includes carbon pricing as an integral tool to scale up transformational climate solutions. The Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition (CPLC) is the main vehicle for countries, private sector, and stakeholders to collectively share their best practices on carbon pricing policies, disseminate essential research, amplify leadership, and inspire others to follow suit. The CPLC has set the standard for conversations on carbon pricing—from its Task Force on Net Zero Goals and Carbon Pricing, which analyzed the effective range of these policies, to its most recent Net Zero Goals and Carbon Pricing Report, which laid out how to harness the potential of carbon pricing in implementing strategies to get to net-zero emissions by mid-century. I have personally enjoyed being part of many of these conversations because they highlight not only leadership but also what goes wrong and how to learn from that. As ministries of finance, planning, and trade as well as companies and industries start to calibrate policies for carbon markets, the CPLC will continue to engage partners and support countries to plan, prepare, and scale up these approaches. I hope they will find the insights in this sixth leadership report from CPLC valuable— ranging from developments in the carbon markets to promising policies, tools, and technologies. FOREWORD “As ministries of finance, planning, and trade as well as companies and industries start to calibrate policies for carbon markets, the CPLC will continue to engage partners and support countries to plan, prepare, and scale up these approaches.”5 Carbon pricing: a global opportunity Putting a price on carbon pollution is widely recognized as the most cost effective policy to cut emissions. And if there were any doubt about this, Canada is the proof. Canada has had carbon pricing in place in every jurisdiction since 2019. Since then, we’ve seen first-hand how this policy has helped cut emissions while putting money back in people’s pockets and spurring innovation. We have set our carbon price trajectory all the way to 2030 to provide certainty for households and businesses. Our approach to pricing is flexible, adaptable, and focused on principles of equity. We use revenues to directly support households in a way that benefits low-income and vulnerable communities the most. We have different pricing systems in different parts of the country that are tailored to local economies. We have designed our systems to decarbonize industries while also supporting their competitiveness and limiting the risk of carbon leakage. Pollution pricing is doable, it works, and it’s worth fighting for —not just in Canada but around the world. After all, climate action isn’t something any one country can do alone. That’s why at COP26, I challenged countries to adopt or expand carbon pricing, with a goal of tripling global coverage from around 20 percent of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions today to 60 percent by 2030. In the months since, I have been heartened to hear support for this goal from leaders around the world. Countries are working together to align policies and coordinate efforts, through organizations like the G7 Climate Change Mitigation Working Group, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition. Through initiatives like the World Bank’s Partnership for Market Implementation, countries are sharing best practices and supporting emerging systems. The momentum is there. So let’s keep going. I am calling on governments and businesses to make new carbon pricing commitments. For those already pricing pollution, it could be a commitment to higher prices, expanded coverage, or technical support for emerging systems. In Canada, our price on carbon pollution will rise to $170 per tonne by 2030. For those not yet pricing pollution, it could be a pledge to put a system in place. Canada will be ready with a new commitment of our own to help guarantee the future price of carbon pollution, so that businesses can plan investments knowing that the price will increase as planned. I spent the first six years of my time as Prime Minister working for pollution pricing at home. I’m ready to spend the years ahead bringing this work to the world stage. Climate change is a daunting challenge that can only be met by fully deploying our best, most economically efficient tools. And that means backing a global effort to ensure it is no longer free to pollute anywhere. THOUGHT LEADERSHIP I spent the first six years of my mandate as Prime Minister fighting for a price on pollution in Canada. And I did it because I know how much pollution pricing matters. Our world is facing a climate crisis. And commitments alone are not enough. They must be backed up by strong policies and actions that deliver real results. Justin Trudeau Prime Minister of Canada6 Carbon pricing still an important mitigation tool as time runs out This is precisely where a price on carbon can play a fundamental role, in other words, by accelerating the implementation of technologies and measures that, in combination, can drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions and minimize the impacts of climate change, especially on the most vulnerable populations and those with the least resources to adapt. We need to be careful not to be seen as using carbon pricing to set a barrier to developing countries, but to make the case for why it can help. Carbon pricing is being implemented in several countries and jurisdictions. It is working and is reducing emissions, but it needs to become more effective, to reach more countries, and to be sufficiently ambitious to meet the 2°C goal. We need to increase price levels. It is the best way to level the playing field for clean energy, to incentivize innovation, and to generate revenues to help the poor to navigate the climate transition. When designing and adapting a carbon pricing instrument to the jurisdictional context, it is important to keep in mind the political economy as it is hard to pass the legislation that is required without considering the broader socioeconomic context. Because carbon pricing can be complex, we need to explain it in simple terms to help our societies understand why we are doing this. At the same time, we need to acknowledge that carbon pricing is not a stand-alone policy that will resolve every piece of the climate change puzzle. It needs to be part of a broader climate change policy package. With this in mind, Chile designed its carbon tax in line with other public policy instruments, while having a feature that makes it unique in the world: a “downstream” tax on carbon dioxide emissions and local pollutants, which has generated technical capacity and infrastructure to measure, report, and verify emissions. This will be very useful when it comes to implementing more cost-effective instruments, if it is decided to move forward in this direction. However, the rate of our tax is undoubtedly low. We are aware that it should be at least $35 per ton by 2030, and should increase much more after that if we are to reach our carbon neutrality goal by mid-century. S evere climate change impacts are already happening, according to the latest IPCC report on vulnerability and adaptation. The report is a dreadful warning about the consequences of inaction. It shows that climate change is a severe and escalating threat to our well-being and that of future generations. It also shows that our actions today will shape how people adapt to climate change and how nature responds to increasing climate risks. But, most significantly, it underscores the urgency of immediate and more ambitious action to address climate risks. Juan Carlos Jobet Former CPLC co-chair THOUGHT LEADERSHIP7 To accelerate the greening of our economy, which includes a growing green hydrogen market and the electrification of our industry, we need to increase our carbon price. But how should we get to this point? For instance, we could increase the competitiveness of renewable energies compared with fossil fuels by making the price of the latter truly reflect the negative impacts of their u