世界银行-报废渔具和废弃、丢失和丢弃渔具的管理、回收和回收——来自捕捞业的证据基础（英）.pdf

Management, Retrieval and Recycling of End-of-Life and Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear THE EVIDENCE BASE FROM CAPTURE FISHERIES 1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure AuthorizedThis report is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, with contributions from Hatfield Indonesia and Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS © 2022 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org SOME RIGHTS RESERVED The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. ATTRIBUTION Suggested Citation: World Bank (2022). Management, Retrieval and Recycling of End-of-Life and Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear: The Evidence Base from Capture Fisheries. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION pubrights@worldbank.org 2Management, Retrieval and Recycling of End-of-Life and Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear THE EVIDENCE BASE FROM CAPTURE FISHERIES 003This report was prepared by a World Bank team led by Katelijn Van den Berg and Celine Lim, and a core team comprising of Sapta Ginting and Andrew Harvey. Valuable contributions were received from Ambroise Brenier, David Adeyemi Aromokeye, and Yadranka Farita. The team would like to thank officials in the Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, particularly from the Directorate General for Marine Spatial Management, Directorate General of Capture Fisheries, Directorate General for Aquaculture, and also officials in the Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investment Affairs for their valuable feedback on the study and the finalized report. Consulting firms Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management and Hatfield Indonesia provided general support for the completion of this report. The report was funded by the Indonesia Oceans Multi-Donor Trust Fund, established in 2017 at the request of the Government of Indonesia with the support of the Governments of Norway and Denmark. The Oceans Multi-Donor Trust Fund provides technical assistance to implement oceans policy, reduce marine debris, and strengthen coastal resilience. Acknowledgements 004005Contents 006 006007 007Tables and Figures TABLES 008 008FIGURES 009 009010 010BOXES 011 011Acronyms and Abbreviations ALDFG MARPOL API MoEF ASTUIN ATLI BPS AP2HI MMAF APRI BPPI BRSDM DJPT FAD EC FAO EEZ GGGI EOLFG GOI EPR GRB EU GT HNPN HNSI ISO IUU IUU Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships Asosiasi Purse Seine Indonesia – Indonesian Purse Seine Association Ministry of Environment and Forestry Asosiasi Tuna Indonesia - Indonesia Tuna Association Asosiasi Tuna Longline Indonesia - Indonesia Tuna Longline Associations Badan Pusat Statistik - Central Bureau of Statistics Asosiasi Perikanan Pole (ii) vulnerability to loss and damage (i.e., likelihood of a specific gear being abandoned, lost or dis- carded); and (iii) magnitude of ecological impacts. Purse seine fisheries deploy 56 percent (47,212 t) of all plastic material deployed in Indonesia’s fisheries, while purse seine vessels represent only 4.9 percent (8,265 vessels) of the total fleet of motorized inboard fishing vessels. An estimated 13,824 t of plastic material is replaced annually. Gillnet and entangling net fisheries deploy 34.3 percent (28,764 t) of the plastic material in Indonesia’s fisheries, with an estimated 18,206 t replaced annually. Gillnet vessels represent 40 percent (67,032 vessels) of Indonesia’s total motorized inboard fishing fleet. QUANTITY OF END-OF-LIFE MATERIAL GENERATED ENCIRCLING NETS MISCELLANEOUS OTHER GEAR SEINE NETS LIFT NETS HOOK AND LINES FALLING GEAR POTS AND TRAPS GILLNETS AND ENTAGLING NETS TRAWLS 01 10 02 05 09 06 08 07 03 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 01.1.1. Single vessle purse seine 10.5. Pushnet 02.1. Beach seine 05.1. Portable lift net 09.1.1. Handline and hand operated poleand-line* 06.1 Cast net 08.2. Pot 03.1.2. Demersal otter trawl 02.2.3. Boat seine* 05.2.2. Boat operated lift net* 09.4. Drifting longlines 03.2.3. Shrimp trawl 01.1.2. Group operated purse seines 10.6. Scoopnet Risk Rating 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 02.2.1. Danish seine 05.2.1. Boat operated lift net* 09.3. Set longline 03.2.1. Midwater otter trawl 0.40 07.1. Set gillnet anchored 07.5. Trammel net 07.2. Drift gillnet 02.2.4. Boat seine* 05.3. Shore - operated stationary lift net 09.5. Trolling line 02.2.5. Boat seine* 0.80 016The fishing gears most vulnerable to damage and loss are: (i) plastic pots and traps; (ii) set anchored gillnets; and (iii) set anchored trammel nets. High vulnerability to damage and loss is associated with passive fishing gears that (i) operate without the attendance of the vessel; (ii) have relatively long soak times; (iii) operate through stealth; and (iv) are set on the seabed. VULNERABILITY TO DAMAGE AND LOSS ENCIRCLING NETS MISCELLANEOUS OTHER GEAR SEINE NETS LIFT NETS HOOK AND LINES FALLING GEAR POTS AND TRAPS GILLNETS AND ENTAGLING NETS TRAWLS 01 10 02 05 09 06 08 07 03 3.6 2.5 4.2 1.2 4.0 2.5 9.6 7.2 5.1 2.4 3.6 6.8 1.9 7.0 4.1 2.6 4.4 5.2 6.2 2.3 2.1 5.8 01.1.1. Single vessle purse seine 10.5. Pushnet 02.1. Beach seine 05.1. Portable lift net 09.1.1. Handline and hand operated poleand-line* 06.1 Cast net 08.2. Pot 03.1.2. Demersal otter trawl 02.2.3. Boat seine* 05.2.2. Boat operated lift net* 09.4. Drifting longlines 03.2.3. Shrimp trawl 01.1.2. Group operated purse seines 10.6. Scoopnet Vulnerability 0 5 10 15 20 25 02.2.1. Danish seine 05.2.1. Boat operated lift net* 09.3. Set longline 03.2.1. Midwater otter trawl 9.1 07.1. Set gillnet anchored 07.5. Trammel net 07.2. Drift gillnet 02.2.4. Boat seine* 05.3. Shore - operated stationary lift net 09.5. Trolling line 02.2.5. Boat seine* 9.8 4.9 017Gillnets and entangling nets have the highest likelihood of ecological impact due to their ability to remain in the water column for long periods during which ghost fishing, entanglement and rafting of invasive species can occur. Pots and traps may also have a high likelihood of ecological impact due to their robust materials, longevity, and ability to self-bait and continue ghost fishing for prolonged periods. LIKELIHOOD OF ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS ENCIRCLING NETS MISCELLANEOUS OTHER GEAR SEINE NETS LIFT NETS HOOK AND LINES FALLING GEAR POTS AND TRAPS GILLNETS AND ENTAGLING NETS TRAWLS 01 10 02 05 09 06 08 07 03 1.8 1.2 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 2.8 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.8 2.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.8 1.2 1.0 2.0 01.1.1. Single vessle purse seine 10.5. Pushnet 02.1. Beach seine 05.1. Portable lift net 09.1.1. Handline and hand operated poleand-line* 06.1 Cast net 08.2. Pot 03.1.2. Demersal otter trawl 02.2.3. Boat seine* 05.2.2. Boat operated lift net* 09.4. Drifting longlines 03.2.3. Shrimp trawl 01.1.2. Group operated purse seines 10.6. Scoopnet Impact 0 1 2 3 4 5 02.2.1. Danish seine 05.2.1. Boat operated lift net* 09.3. Set longline 03.2.1. Midwater otter trawl 3.5 07.1. Set gillnet anchored 07.5. Trammel net 07.2. Drift gillnet 02.2.4. Boat seine* 05.3. Shore - operated stationary lift net 09.5. Trolling line 02.2.5. Boat seine* 3.8 3.2 018Gilnets and entangling nets pose the greatest ALDFG risk in Indonesia due to the large quantities of plastic material deployed and replaced annually, relatively high vulnerability of to loss and damage, and high likelihood of ecological impacts arising from ghost fishing, entanglement, rafting of invasive species or smothering of habitats. Purse seines and encircling nets were assessed as having high relative risk. The small number of vessels operating these gears in Indonesia make these fisheries a good candidate for piloting ALDFG prevention and mitigation approach- es. Traps and pots pose the third most significant ALDFG risk. OVERALL RISK Existing waste management initiatives in Indonesia could be built upon to address issues associated with ALDFG. ENCIRCLING NETS MISCELLANEOUS OTHER GEAR SEINE NETS LIFT NETS HOOK AND LINES FALLING GEAR POTS AND TRAPS GILLNETS AND ENTAGLING NETS TRAWLS 01 10 02 05 09 06 08 07 03 0.51 0.09 0.04 0.00 0.06 0.04 0.49 0.20 0.12 0.05 0.10 0.17 0.49 0.02 0.16 0.06 0.10 0.14 0.15 0.04 0.02 0.15 01.1.1. Single vessle purse seine 10.5. Pushnet 02.1. Beach seine 05.1. Portable lift net 09.1.1. Handline and hand operated poleand-line* 06.1 Cast net 08.2. Pot 03.1.2. Demersal otter trawl 02.2.3. Boat seine* 05.2.2. Boat operated lift net* 09.4. Drifting longlines 03.2.3. Shrimp trawl 01.1.2. Group operated purse seines 10.6. Scoopnet Relative risk rating 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 02.2.1. Danish seine 05.2.1. Boat operated lift net* 09.3. Set longline 03.2.1. Midwater otter trawl 0.51 0.64 07.1. Set gillnet anchored 07.5. Trammel net 07.2. Drift gillnet 02.2.4. Boat seine* 05.3. Shore - operated stationary lift net 09.5. Trolling line 02.2.5. Boat seine* 019