切断根源：全世界如何终结塑料污染，创造循环经济（英文版） .pdf

Turning off the Tap How the world can end plastic pollution and create a circular economy© 2023 United Nations Environment Programme ISBN: 978-92-807-4024-0 Job number: DTI/2522/NA This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Environment Programme would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to unep-communication-director@un.org. Disclaimers The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of a commercial company or product in this document does not imply endorsement by the United Nations Environment Programme or the authors. The use of information from this document for publicity or advertising is not permitted. Trademark names and symbols are used in an editorial fashion with no intention on infringement of trademark or copyright laws. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Environment Programme. We regret any errors or omissions that may have been unwittingly made. © Maps, photos and illustrations as specified Cover photo: Picture © UNEP . Art Installation © Von Wong Productions, #TurnOffThePlasticTap. The Giant Plastic Tap was an art installation by artist Benjamin Von Wong at the UN Headquarters in Nairobi. It was on display during the United Nations Environment Assembly in 2022, when delegates agreed to establish an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee with the mandate to forge an international legally binding agreement to end plastic pollution. Suggested citation: United Nations Environment Programme (2023). Turning off the Tap. How the world can end plastic pollution and create a circular economy. Nairobi. Production: United Nations Environment Programme https://www.unep.org/resources/turning-off-tap-end-plastic-pollution-create-circular-economyAcknowledgements “Turning off the Tap. How the world can end plastic pollution and create a circular economy” is the product of the generous dedication and extraordinary investment of numerous individuals, whose knowledge, expertise and insight helped shape this important body of work. UNEP acknowledges the contributions made by many governments, individuals and institutions to the preparation and publication of this report. Special thanks are extended to: This publication was financially supported by the Governments of Norway and Sweden. Lead Authors: UNEP: Llorenç Milà i Canals (lead coordinator); Alison Cairns; Peggy Lefort; Allan Meso; Andrew David Raine; Aphrodite Smagadi; Steven Stone; Elisa Tonda. Systemiq: Yoni Shiran; José de la Fuente; Julia Koskella; Anne Titia Bove; Eline Boon. University of Portsmouth: Steve Fletcher; Antaya March; Keiron Roberts. KnowlEdge Srl: Andrea Bassi Overall supervision: Sheila Aggarwal-Khan, Andrea Hinwood, UNEP . Contributing authors: Vincent Aloysius, Sandra Averous, Stephanie Gerretsen, Claudia Giacovelli, Toma Iida, Pushpam Kumar, Stéphanie Laruelle, Silvana Loayza León, Ekaterina Poleshchuk, Heidi Savelli, Himanshu Sharma, Ran Xie, Xiaozhen Xu (UNEP); Natalie Harms (UNEP – COBSEA); Kei Ohno Woodall (UNEP – BRS); Kabir Arora (Women in Informal Employment Globalizing and Organizing, WIEGO); Nao Takeuchi (UN Habitat); Anjali Acharya, Milagros Aimé (World Bank Group). Reviewers: The following experts are gratefully acknowledged for supporting the preparation of the report, including providing comments on two versions of the draft report (July 2022 and March 2023): Carsten Wachholz, Sander Defruyt (Ellen MacArthur Foundation); John Duncan, Alix Grabowski, Ho Huu Huy, Erin Simon, Anthony Tusino, Jess Zeuner (WWF); Timothy Grabiel, Thomas Gammage, Christina Dixon, Jacob Kean-Hammerson, Amy Youngman (Environmental Investigation Agency); Andrés del Castillo, Giulia Carlini (CIEL); Thomas Maes, Ieva Rucevska (GRID-Arendal); Lizzie Fuller, Dominic Charles, Ebony Minicozzi, Emma Silver, Margot Dons (Minderoo Foundation); Gonzalo Muñoz, Gaspar Guevara, Carla Germani (Manuia); Carolyn Deere Birkbeck, Mahesh Sugathan, Simon Ardila (TESS); Kabir Arora (WIEGO); Larke Williams, Ross Alliston, Eric Davidson, So-Jung Youn (U.S. Department of State, Office of Environmental Quality); Patti Pedrus (Federated States of Micronesia); Gordana Topic (European Commission); Go Kobayashi (Marine Plastic Pollution Office, Ministry of Environment Japan); Silje Rem (Norwegian Environment Agency); Carmen Zuloaga Marín, Claudia Alejandra Guerrero Alvarado (Ministry of Environment, Chile); Andrew Brown, Elena Buzzi , Frithjof Laubinger, Giulia Galli (OECD); Kristin Hughes, Christian Kaufholz, Madeleine Brandes (WEF-Global Plastic Action Partnership); Anjali Acharya, Milagros Aimé (World Bank Group); Moustapha Kamal Gueye, Tahmina Mahmud, Sarah Gondy, Yasuhiko Kamakura (International Labour Organization); Gergana Kiskinova, Daniel Ramos (World Trade Organization); Henrique Silva Pacini Costa (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development); Desiree Raquel Narvaez (UNICEF); Bernard Barth, Voltaire Acosta (UN Habitat) Bing Zhu (Tsinghua University); Karen Raubenheimer (University of Wollongong); Paromita Chakraborty (SRM Institute of Science and Technology); Richard Thompson (University of Plymouth); Sabine Pahl (University of Vienna); Rosalind Malcom (University of Surrey); Rachel Karasik (Duke University); Vikas Chhajer (Gemini Corporation NV); Jodie Roussell, Jochen Hertlein (Société des Produits Nestlé S.A.); Vincent Colard (CITEO); Anne-Gaelle Collot (Plastics Europe/World Plastics Council); Stewart Harris (American Chemistry Council/World Plastics Council); Ed Shepherd (Unilever); Willemijn Peeters (Searious Business); Roland Weber (POPs Environmental Consulting); Sven Saura (Veolia). iReviewers (UNEP): The expert review from the following UNEP colleagues is also acknowledged: Jacqueline Alvarez; Katy Ayres; Juan Bello; Atif Ikram Butt; Beatriz Martins Carneiro; Garrette Clark; Ludgarde Coppens; Jost Dittkrist; Kamala Ernest; Beatriz Fernández; Hilary French; Tessa Goverse; Bettina Heller; Mijke Hertoghs; Maria Hughes; Toma Iida; Joy Kim; Brenda Koekkoek; Paolo Marengo; Alexander Mangwiro; David Marquis; Patricia Mbote; Mushtaq Memon; Laura Mesias; Svitlana Mikhalyeva; Susan Mutebi-Richards; Iyngararasan Mylvakanam; Kakuko Nagatani-Yoshida; Takehiro Nakamura; Fatou Ndoye; Fabienne Pierre; José Pineda; Jordi Pon; Helena Rey; Amélie Ritscher; David Rubia; Malgorzata Alicja Stylo; Callum Sweeney; Claire Thibault; Gina Torregroza; Feng Wang; Alison Watson; Ying Zhang; Maria Cristina Zucca; Tabea Zwimpfer. Production and launch support: UNEP Communication Division Editor: Amanda Lawrence-Brown Design and layout: Beverley McDonald, with contribution from Murat Ozoglu. iiAcronyms BAU - Business-as-usual BPA - Bisphenol A Capex - Capital expenditure CEN - European Committee of Standardisation DEHP - Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate EIA - Environmental Investigation Agency EMF - Ellen MacArthur Foundation EOL - End-of-Life EPR - Extended Producer Responsibility EPS - Expanded polystyrene ESM - Environmentally sound management EU - European Union G20 - The Group of Twenty (the premier forum for international economic cooperation) GDP - Gross domestic product GESAMP - Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection GHG - Greenhouse gas GIZ - German Agency for International Cooperation HDPE - High-density polyethylene HI - High-income economies ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization IFC - International Finance Corporation ILO - International Labour Organization IMO - International Maritime Organization INC - Intergovernmental Negotiation Committee IRP - International Resource Panel ISO - International Organization for Standardization ISWA - International Solid Waste Association IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature LCA - Life Cycle Assessment LDPE - Low-density polyethylene LI - Low-income economies LiFE - Lifestyles for Environment LLDPE - Linear low-density polyethylene MMt – Million metric tons NIVA - Norwegian Institute for Water Research NPV - Net Present Value OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Opex - Operational expenditure P2F - Plastic-to-fuel P2P - Plastic-to-plastic PBDE - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers PCDD/F - poly-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (dioxins and furans) PCR - Post-consumer recycled content PE - Polyethylene PET - Polyethylene terephthalate PFASs - Polyfluoroalkyl substances POPs - Persistent organic pollutants PP - Polypropylene PPA - Power purchase agreements PS - Polystyrene PVC - Polyvinyl chloride R pre-treatment, e.g. sorting, dismantling or depollution; (preparation for) reuse; recovery (including recycling and energy recovery) or final disposal. EPR systems can allow producers to exercise their responsibility by providing the financial resources required and/or by taking over the operational aspects of the process from municipalities. They assume the responsibility voluntarily or mandatorily; EPR systems can be implemented individually or collectively (UNEP/PP/INC.1/6). Feedstock – any bulk raw material that is the principal input for an industrial production process. Flexible monomaterial plastics - see definition under ‘Plastic categories’. Geographic archetype - parts of the world with similar characteristics when it comes to plastic waste. The archetypes are divided into groups depending on country income, according to World Bank definitions: high-income economies; upper and lower middle-income economies; and low-income economies. The rural and urban settings for each of the four income groups are also analysed separately to create eight geographic archetypes (The Pew Charitable Trusts and Systemiq 2020). Incineration - destruction and transformation of material to energy by combustion. Informal waste sector – where workers and economic units are involved in solid waste collection, recovery and recycling activities which are – in law or in practice – not covered or insufficiently covered by formal arrangements. Leakage – materials that do not follow an intended pathway and ‘escape’ or are otherwise lost to the system. Litter is an example of system leakage (The Pew Charitable Trusts and Systemiq 2020). Legacy (plastic) - plastics that cannot be reused or recycled, including plastics that are already in the environment as existing pollution, or are stocked or will enter in the economy e.g. in short-lived or durable products designed without considering their circularity or long-term use in the economy. Managed landfill - a place where collected waste has been deposited in a central location and where the waste is controlled through daily, intermediate and final cover, thus preventing the top layer from escaping into the natural environment through wind and surface water (The Pew Charitable Trusts and Systemiq 2020). Maritime sources - all plastics that enter the environment from seagoing vessels (including from fishing activities) (The Pew Charitable Trusts and Systemiq 2020). Mechanical recycling - processing of plastics waste into secondary raw material or products without significantly changing the chemical structure of the material (ISO:472:2013). Microfibres - microsize fragments (5mm) released via textiles shedding to air, water or wastewater during production or use. Microplastics – refers to plastic particles less than five millimetres diameter, including nano-sized particles (UNEP/EA.2/ Res.11). Midstream activities – involve the design, manufacture, packaging, distribution, use (and reuse) and maintenance of plastic products and services. Keeping plastic products at midstream as long as possible is ideal for circularity, because this is where plastic products have their highest value (UNEP/PP/INC.1/7). Mismanaged waste - collected waste that has been released or deposited in a place from where it can move into the natural environment (intentionally or otherwise). This includes dumpsites and unmanaged landfills. Uncollected waste is categorised as unmanaged (The Pew Charitable Trusts and Systemiq 2020). v