Theory and Praxis Experiences from an AgroPhotovoltaic Project in Germany -Boris Farnung-Fraunhofer ISE

© Fraunhofer ISE State of the art of Agrophotovoltaics in Germany FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS ISE Boris Farnung, Stephan Schindele Fraunhofer ISE PVPMC Workshop Weihai, China, 04.12.2018 www.ise.fraunhofer.de © Fraunhofer ISE 2 AGENDA n Problem n Solution n Germany n International n R&D Outlook © Fraunhofer ISE 3 AGENDA n Problem n Solution n Germany n International n R&D Outlook © Fraunhofer ISE 4 Source: AGEE-Stat, BMWi / own layout n Energy Transformation has only recently started n Best sites for RE-implementation are already taken n Demand for land continues to be high n Sector coupling: electricity sector merges with heat/cooling and transport sector n Paris Agreement: binding climate policy targets n Limit increase of arable land occupation to 30 ha/day by 2030 (GSDS) Share of RE 1990 – 2015 and goals by 2050 i n % Year Electricity demand Prime energy demand Problem Ambitious Renewable Energy (RE) Targets in Germany © Fraunhofer ISE 5 Problem Scarcity of arable land, Crops suffer from too much sun Agriculture • Globally arable land available per capita has decreased by 48 % (!) since 1961 • Many crops suffer from too much sunlight • „Fuel, Fiber or Food“ Discussion • Agricultural sector accounts for 7.5 % CO2-emissions Resource efficient land use à Dual use of land à multiple cropping © Fraunhofer ISE 6 AGENDA n Problem n Solution n Germany n International n R&D Outlook © Fraunhofer ISE 7 Solution Integrated Food-Energy Systems: Agrophotovoltaics (APV) n Definition of Agrophotovoltaics: “APV is a system technology that enables the simultaneous main agricultural production and secondary solar power generation on the same area and which seeks to optimally utilizing synergy effects and potentials of both production systems.” Source: Hofgemeinschaft Heggelbach Source: Media Repromayr Source: Farmfolio © Fraunhofer ISE 8 n Chile, 2017: n 3x APV-Prototypes in Metropolitan Region Santiago de Chile n each 15 kWp, si-PV n Technology Transfer n Social integration n Broccoli, cauliflower, herbs Solution APV-Prototypes of Fraunhofer ISE and Fraunhofer Chile n Germany, 2016: n APV-Prototype in Heggelbach, Southern Germany n 194,4 kWp, bi-facial PV-Modules n Spinnanker-foundation, Soil protection during installation n Own power consumption n Potato, winter wheat, celery, clover Source: Fraunhofer CSET Source: Hofgemeinschaft Heggelbach © Fraunhofer ISE 9 n Fraunhofer ISE patent on APV-design and lightmangement: simulation of radiation on ground level under APV n Homogeneous distribution of radiation underneath APV possible n Sufficient radiation during vegetation phase of crops feasible n Electricity losses compared to South orientation are low: -5 % Orientation: South Orientation: South-east or South-west Quelle: Fraunhofer ISE Space between two module rows Space between two module rows Ra di a t i on [ k W h/ m ^ 2] Ra di a t i on [ k W h/ m ^ 2] Solution Optimization of PV and Photosynthesis Yields Source: Fraunhofer ISE © Fraunhofer ISE 10 n Increase in yield and quality improvement through shading is possible n Depending on crop rotation and average Light Compensation Point (LCP) site specific reduction in solar radiation feasible Source: Fraunhofer ISE + 0 Category Crops + Salad 0 Rape & Barley - Corn PAR – photosynthetic active radiation [%] B i o m as s Y i el d [ %] Solution Shade Tolerant Crops Exist © Fraunhofer ISE 11 Source: Fraunhofer ISE Solution Suitable crops: Case study Germany Classification of Germany’s most relevant economic (food/feed) plants in agriculture with respect to shade tolerance: + Cereal (e.g. Rye, Barley, Oat) Green cabbage Rapeseed Pea Asparagus Carrots Radish Leek Celery Fennel 0 Onion Cucumber Zucchini - Wheat Corn Pumpkin Grapes* Sunflower Fruits* Broccoli Millet Sugar beet Cauliflower Red beets Potato Grapes* Fruits* Hops Spinach Ginseng Salad Field bean Legumes *depending on the type © Fraunhofer ISE 12 AGENDA n Problem n Solution n Germany n International n R&D Outlook © Fraunhofer ISE 13 n (A) 1981, Fraunhofer ISE, Goetzberger A., Zastrow A., On the Coexistence of Solar-Energy Conversion and Plant Cultivation n (B) 2004, Elektro Guggenmos, Warmisried, 70 kWp, Beetroot, barley, leek,… n (C) 2006, FhG ISE, SunPower (USA), Prof. Yamaguchi (JP), Energy Farming n (D) 2010, Gärtnerei Haller, Bürstadt, 1.200 kWp, Peony (Flower) n (E) 2013, University Weihenstephan-Triesdrof, 30 kWp, Cabbage n (F) 2013, Krug‘s Spargel, Lampertheim, 5.000 kWp, Ginseng n (G) 2015, Krug‘s Sparge, Bürstadt, 5.000 kWp, Ginseng n (H) 2016, Fraunhofer ISE, Heggelbach, 194 kWp, Wheat, potato, celery n (I) 2018, University Dresden, 12,9 kWp, Spinach, peas, beans, radishes (A) (B) (C) (C) (E) (A) (B) Germany APV-Projects between 1981 and 2018 (D) (E) (F) (C) (D) (G) (H) (I) © Fraunhofer ISE 14 n Installed: 2016 n Region: near Lake Constance n Surface: 136m x 25m (~1/3 ha) n Direction: 80° Quelle: Fraunhofer ISE n Height: 8m n Vertical clearance : 5m n Installed capacity: 194 kWp Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Technical Design © Fraunhofer ISE 15 Quelle: Fraunhofer ISE First year crops: winter wheat, celery, potatoes and clover 15 Source: BayWa Reference APV ( c l o v er ) Plot withMicroclima-Station Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Technical Design © Fraunhofer ISE 16 n Irradiance: n Global tilted front 20° n Global tilted back 20° n Global & diffuse horizontal n Global horizontal shaded @1,5m n PAR (photosynthetic active radiation) Sensor shaded @1.5m n T(mod), T(amb) Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Sensor Equipment © Fraunhofer ISE 17 n DC Voltage and current n reference inverter (3 MPPTrackers) n Energie/Power n AC reference inverter n AC overall production n AC to farm n AC from Utility Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Sensor Equipment © Fraunhofer ISE 18 Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Monitoring Results 2017 Feed -in to grid self-consumption © Fraunhofer ISE 19 Specific Yield: 1257 kwh/kWp Irradiance tilted: 1218 kWh/m2 First full year of operation: 2017 Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Monitoring Results 2017 © Fraunhofer ISE 20 Total Yield: 2444401 kWh Specific Yield: 1257kwh/kWp Irradiance tilted: 1218kWh/m2 Performance Ratio: 97,4% First full year of operation: 2017 Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Monitoring Results 2017 © Fraunhofer ISE 21 Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Harvest in 2017 and 2018: Winter Wheat n 2017: yield -19 % under APV n 2018: yield + 2 % under APV Y i el d © Fraunhofer ISE 22 n 2017: total yield -18 % under APV n 2018: total yield +11 % under APV n Tubers 50 mm smaller under APVsoil compaction? Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Harvest in 2017 and 2018: Potato Y i el d © Fraunhofer ISE 23 © Fraunhofer ISE 24 Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Increase of Land-use Efficiency by over 60 % Source: Fraunhofer ISE, University of Hohenheim n PV-cropping is feasible and synergies generate additional income for farmers n LER Wheat: n 81,3 % yield n 74, 6 % yield inkl. land loss n 83 % electricity LER Wheat = 149,2 % LER PV = 166,0 % LER APV = 157,6 % © Fraunhofer ISE 25 n APV-LCOE approx. 1/3 than PV-GM n APV-OPEX than PV-GM due to synergy effects n APV Learning curve? Economics of Scale? Source: Fraunhofer ISE n Constraints: n Land area: 2 ha n PV-GM: 1,38 MWp n APV: 1,04 MWp n Solar radiation: 1.209 kWh/m2/a Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Economic Evaluation - LCOE © Fraunhofer ISE 26 AGENDA n Problem n Solution n Germany n International n R&D Outlook © Fraunhofer ISE 27 Proof of Concept worldwide – Part I n (A) Italy, R.E.M. Tech Energy, 3 x APV systems since 2011 n 3,2 MWp, 1,3 MWp, 2,15 MWp Agrovoltaico n (B) France, University of Montpellier, 50 kWp, 2010 n 2017 – 2019: 45 MWp Agrivoltaic and SolarGreenHouses n (C) Japan, Solar Sharing, Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Fishery, Akira Nagashima n 1.054 Solar Sharing 2013 - 2017, approx. 85 MWp n (D) Italy, Corditec, Ahlers, 800 kWp, 2012 n (E) Egypt, SEKEM, Almaden, Kairo, 90 kWp, 2017 n (F) USA, University of Arizona, approx. 50 kWp, 2017 n (G) Taiwan, Green Source Technology, unknown kWp, 2016 n (H) Korea, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Corporation, 78, kWp, 2018 (A) (B) (C) (E) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) © Fraunhofer ISE 28 Proof of Concept worldwide – Part II (I) (J) (L) (M) (N) (H) (I) (J) (K) (L) n (I) Italy, Villa Crespia Muratorio, E. Gimbel, Wine yard, 2011 n (J) France, Straßburg, 300 kWp, E. Gimbel, 2016 n (K) China, Ningxia, 700 MWp, Huawai, 2016 n (L) Chile, 3x APV-systems, Santiago, Fraunhofer CSET, 2016 n (M) China, Changshu, Zhongli PV Agricultural Research Institute, Talesun, 9,8 MWp, 2016 n APV-systems intended in Vietnam, Israel, East Africa, India, USA… n Total installed APV capacity worldwide until 2018: approx. 1,95 GWp (K) © Fraunhofer ISE 29 AGENDA n Problem n Solution n Germany n International n R&D Outlook © Fraunhofer ISE 30 R&D Outlook – Part I Next Steps at Fraunhofer ISE n GIS potential analysis n Define site criteria, e.g.: n Next to farm for own power generation n Rural area with grid access n Define criterion of exclusion, e.g.: n Hillside situation n Cultural landscape heritage n Define parameter on how to manage and control APV area on local government level n Merge lightmanagement tool with biomass simulations n Quality assurance, APV-Norm/-Standard, bankability n Define Key Performance Indicators (KPI) of APV, e.g.: n Land use efficiency, e.g. energy output per area n Measure and proof synergistic effects Source: GIS layers model www.gembc.ca