澳大利亚国家氢能战略（英文版）--澳洲贸投委.pdf

National Hydrogen Strategy Review Consultation Paper I July 2023Have Your Say Submissions to this consultation paper can be made via the Department’s Consultation Hub and by clicking the “Make a Submission” button. Submissions in relation to the National Hydrogen Strategy will be shared with the NHS Review States and Territories Reference Group established to assist with the review of the National Hydrogen Strategy. Submissions will also be published online after the consultation closes, however stakeholders may request that components of their submission be kept confidential and not published. This consultation will close on 18 August 2023. Copyright Commonwealth of Australia 2023 Ownership of intellectual property rights Unless otherwise noted, copyright and any other intellectual property rights, if any in this publication is owned by the Commonwealth of Australia. 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Disclaimer The Australian Government as represented by the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the information and data in this publication. Notwithstanding, the Commonwealth of Australia, its officers, employees, or agents disclaim any liability, including liability for negligence, loss howsoever caused, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information or data in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law. No representation expressed or implied is made as to the currency, accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information contained in this publication. The reader should rely on their own inquiries to independently confirm the information and comment on which they intend to act. This publication does not indicate commitment by the Australian Government to a particular course of action.i National Hydrogen Strategy Review I Consultation Paper Introduction Australia’s first National Hydrogen Strategy was endorsed by all Australian governments and published in 2019. The Strategy contained 57 actions and principles outlining the initial steps Australia could take to develop a large scale domestic hydrogen industry. Consistent with the adaptive approach to hydrogen industry development on 24 February 2023, the Energy and Climate Change Ministerial Council ECMC agreed to a Review of the National Hydrogen Strategy the Strategy Review to ensure the national strategy positions Australia on a path to be a global hydrogen leader by 2030 on both an export basis and for the decarbonisation of Australian industries. While Australia was the third nation to publish a hydrogen strategy in 2019, at least 30 nations have now released hydrogen strategies, with many more in development. The hydrogen industry has emerged from the relative fringes to generate international excitement about the hydrogen opportunity. International hydrogen markets have shifted dramatically and we are learning more about for which current and emerging uses hydrogen can have the biggest decarbonisation and economic impact. Many of the jurisdictions with hydrogen strategies are implementing financial incentive mechanisms to accelerate investment and industry development. Figure 1 National hydrogen strategies as of August 16, 2022 Available Inpreparation Support for pilot and demonstration projects Initial policy discussions No activity Not assessedWhile positive for the emergence of a global hydrogen industry, these international actions present potential risks to Australia’s hydrogen industry in terms of increasingly competitive supply chains, the diversion of foreign investment away from Australia, and competition for our potential hydrogen- based export industries. The 2022 State of Hydrogen Report 1 found that Australia is well placed to play a significant role in the global hydrogen industry due to our renewable energy potential, skilled resource and energy workforce and a long history as a trusted energy and resources exporter. 2 Australia has around 40 percent of all announced global hydrogen projects, with the Australian pipeline valued from 230 billion to 300 billion. This was confirmed by the REN21 2023 Global Renewables Resources report which found that “Australia had the largest number of announced renewable hydrogen plants worldwide as of 2022; due to its abundant solar and wind resources, the country is expected to see some of the lowest levelised costs for producing renewable hydrogen by 2050. 3 ˮ However by the end of 2022, only a single Australian project with a capacity of at least 10 MW had reached a Final Investment Decision FID. This compares to almost 1400 MW of capacity in the European Union, and 300 MW of capacity in the United States, of such projects to reach FID. 1 DCCEEW 2023 State of Hydrogen 2022 Report at www.dcceew.gov.au/energy/publications/state-of-hydrogen-2022 2 DCCEEW 2023 State of Hydrogen 2022 Report at www.dcceew.gov.au/energy/publications/state-of-hydrogen-2022 3 REN21 2023 Global Renewable Resources report. ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR-2023_Energy-Supply-Module.pdf Figure 2 The developing rationale for a world leading hydrogen industry World class energy resources Decarbonisation opportunity 300 billion project pipeline Advancing export competitioniii National Hydrogen Strategy Review I Consultation Paper Compounding the disparity between the progress of hydrogen projects globally is the creation of new, extensive policy measures in other countries to support the development of their domestic hydrogen industries. The Inflation Reduction Act in the US is the most notable, providing, tradeable tax credits for hydrogen production that can be combined with tax credits for related renewable energy production and end use cases. A number of large economies have responded with similar, albeit not quite as extensive, support mechanisms. So, while Australia has the foundations to be a global hydrogen leader there is a need to consider updated or additional actions to ensure Australia reaches its potential. The Australian Government has taken a step in announcing the establishment of a 2 billion competitive hydrogen production contract program. Hydrogen Headstart will focus on supporting the scaling up hydrogen production using renewable electricity which will in turn help reduce the cost of this technology over time. This acknowledges Australia’s vast renewable energy resources and supports the Governments ambition to be a renewable energy superpower. Detailed consultation on the design features of the Hydrogen Headstart program will be through a separate consultation process. This paper seeks submissions to assist the review of the 2019 Strategy. The paper provides commentary and poses some specific questions, the responses to which will assist the preparation of a revised Strategy. In addition, respondents to the paper should note the revised Strategy’s three strategic objectives below. Strategic Objective Australia is on the path to be a global hydrogen leader by 2030 Enable domestic decarbonisation through the development of the hydrogen industry Ensure economic benefit for all Australians through the development of the hydrogen industry. Unless otherwise requested, the submissions will be published online in full, and provided to States and Territories in advance of publication to support the review of the hydrogen strategies of individual jurisdictions and their engagement in the National Hydrogen Strategy Review. iv National Hydrogen Strategy Review I Consultation Paper Contents National Hydrogen Strategy 01 How can Australia enable decarbonisation through the development 01 of a clean hydrogen industry How could Australia further activate its hydrogen and 07 related industries How can we ensure our hydrogen industry attracts the necessary 12 investment How can we ensure our hydrogen industry develops in a way 14 that benefits all Australians How should we develop the necessary infrastructure needed to 16 support the development of our hydrogen industry How can we enable a hydrogen export industry including the 18 export of goods manufactured with hydrogen Other feedback 19 Appendix A 2019 Summary of consultation matters 21 Appendix B 2019 National Hydrogen Strategy Actions 211 National Hydrogen Strategy How can Australia enable decarbonisation through the development of a clean hydrogen industry 4 Advisian 2021 Australian Hydrogen Market Study at www.cefc.com.au/media/nhnhwlxu/australian-hydrogen-market- study.pdf, Australian Government 2021 Australia’s Long Term Emissions Reduction Plan - A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 at https//unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Australias_LTS_WEB.pdf, CSIRO 2023 Hydrogen – Fuels – Estimated Emission Reduction – CSIRO, ARENA 2023 Industry Sets Path to Net Zero – Media Release at https//arena.gov.au/news/industry-sets-a-path-for-net-zero The revised National Hydrogen Strategy will build upon the 2019 Strategy and focus on the role hydrogen technology needs to play for Australia to meet its commitment to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43 below 2005 levels by 2030. State and territory jurisdictions have also stated their own aspirations towards a Net Zero emissions target. Hydrogen will contribute between 10 to 33 towards global and Australian emissions reduction 4 . Fortunately, hydrogen can be used in multiple applications and will be particularly important for hard-to-abate sectors which cannot be easily electrified. Emissions reducti on approaches Generati ng renewable electricity Adopti ng electric machinery, vehicles and appliances Not wasti ng energy Researching and developing how to further reduce emissions Technology Energy Effi ciency Electrifi cati on Decarbonisati on Figure 3 Hydrogen Technology provides an emissions reduction opportunity Source Annual Climate Change Statement 20222 National Hydrogen Strategy Review I Consultation Paper Ammonia production – Domestic and Export Australia already has a large, announced investment pipeline of 35 green ammonia or other hydrogen chemical derivative export projects worth over 150 billion. The number of these proposed projects in this sector doubled in Australia in the last year and a financial investment decision was reached on the first 10 MW electrolyser project in Australia. Energy security issues arising out of Europe have meant that for periods in 2022, green ammonia prices were increasingly competitive. Both fuel security concerns and decarbonisation ambition is generating strong near-term interest from Japan and South Korea to import hydrogen chemical derivatives like methanol and ammonia and from Australia. Decarbonising existing ammonia production provides a relatively straightforward opportunity given the industry already makes direct use of 425,000 tonnes of hydrogen per year produced from unabated fossil fuels. Current domestic production for both the mining explosives and agricultural sector results in approximately 4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions per annum. Figure 4 Location of Safeguard Facilities and potential to use hydrogen Source DCCEEW analysis Likely user of hydrogen Bell Bay Hub Hunter Hub Gladstone Hub Pilbara Hub Kwinana Hub Pt Bonython Hub Possible user of hydrogen Location and scale grey hydrogen production 37 30 333 National Hydrogen Strategy Review I Consultation Paper In addition to a direct reduction in carbon emissions, a large-scale switch within this industry would also produce a rapid improvement in the volume-driven economics for Australia’s pipeline of hydrogen production projects, of which over 35 are focused on making ammonia for both domestic use and export. This large switch could also de-risk investment in a domestic electrolyser manufacturing sector because this shift would ultimately require in the order of 7,000 megawatts of electrolysis. By comparison, at the end of 2021, the cumulative installed capacity of electrolysers worldwide was 513 megawatts. 5 Industrial process heat – Domestic Australian industry accounts for 44 of the nation’s end use energy, half of which is used in the production of process heat, primarily through the direct combustion of fossil fuels 6 . Hydrogen can replace natural gas for industrial process, particularly where heat is required at medium to high temperatures. This includes as a replacement for natural gas for industrial heating purposes in iron pellet production 7 , alumina refining 8 and food processing 9 . Switching to renewable hydrogen calcination in alumina refining would save 3.5 MtCO2e p.a. Together, this would account for 23.7 of Australia’s emissions from industrial processes and product use or the equivalent of taking 1.6 million cars off Australia’s roads each year. 10 ” Electricity grid firming – Domestic Hydrogen can also play a key role to support the decarbonisation and transformation of national electricity grids through creating schedulable load, storing energy when generation is in surplus and making it available to help meet peak electricity demand 11 . This approach is particularly synergistic with intermittent renewable electricity generation. Australia is considered a relative leader in the use of hydrogen for grid firming, considering the early development of the South Australian Government’s 200 MW hydrogen-fired power station in Whyalla, the Tallawarra B gas generator under construction and the Hunter Power Project. 5 Dr-Alan-Finkel-AHRC-2023-Presentation-Speech.pdf ahrc2023.com.au 6 Lovegrove. K 2019 https//arena.gov.au/assets/2019/11/renewable-energy-options-for-industrial-process-heat.pdf 7 HyResource 2023 Grange Resources Renewable Hydrogen Study. CSIRO at https//research.csiro.au/hyresource/ grange-resources-renewable-hydrogen-study 8 Rio Tinto 2021 Media Release - Rio-Tinto and Sumitomo to assess hydrogen pilot plant at gladstones yarwun alumina refinery 9 PV Magazine 2023 Industry-first pilot using hydroge