【推荐阅读】REN21-全球可再生能源现状报告2023（英文原版）.pdf

RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ENERGY SUPPLY COLLECTION 2023EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Rana Adib REN21 PRESIDENT Arthouros Zervos REN21 MEMBERS MEMBERS AT LARGE Michael Eckhart David Hales Kirsty Hamilton Peter Rae Arthouros Zervos GOVERNMENTS Afghanistan Australia Austria Brazil Denmark Dominican Republic Georgia Germany India Mexico Morocco Norway Rio Negro Republic of Korea South Africa South Australia Spain United Arab Emirates United States of America Zimbabwe SCIENCE AND ACADEMIA AEE – Institute for Sustainable Technologies AEE-INTEC Council on Energy, Environment and Water CEEW Fundacin Bariloche FB International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis IIASA International Solar Energy Society ISES National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL National Research University Higher School of Economics Russia HSE South African National Energy Development Institute SANEDI The Energy and Resources Institute TERI University of Technology – Institute for Sustainable Futures UTS World Resources Institute WRI INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS Africa Minigrids Developers Association AMDA Alliance for Rural Electrification ARE American Council on Renewable Energy ACORE Associao Lusfona de Energias Renovveis ALER Associao Portuguesa de Energias Renovveis APREN Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association CREIA Clean Energy Council CEC Euroheat Power EHP European Heat Pump Association EHPA European Renewable Energies Federation EREF Global Off-Grid Lighting Association GOGLA Global Solar Council GSC Global Wind Energy Council GWEC Indian Renewable Energy Federation IREF International Geothermal Association IGA International Hydropower Association IHA RE100/Climate Group RES4Africa Foundation SolarPower Europe SPE Union International de Transport Publique UITP World Bioenergy Association WBA World Wind Energy Association WWEA INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS Asia Pacific Energy Research Center APERC Asian Development Bank ADB ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency ECREEE Electric Power Council of the Commonwealth of Independent States EPC European Commission EC Global Environment Facility GEF International Energy Agency IEA International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA Islamic Development Bank IsDB Organizacin Latinoamericana de Energa OLADE Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency RCREEE United Nations Development Programme UNDP United Nations Environment Programme UNEP United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO World Bank WB NGOS 350.org Association Africaine pour lElectrification Rurale Club-ER CDP CLASP Clean Cooking Alliance CCA Climate Action Network International CAN-I Coalition de Ciudades Capitales de las Americas CC35 Energy Cities European Youth Energy Network EYEN Fundacin Renovables FER Global Forum on Sustainable Energy GFSE Global Women’s Network for the Energy Transition GWNET Greenpeace International ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies ISEP International Electrotechnical Commission IEC Jeune Volontaires pour lEnvironnement JVE Mali Folkecenter MFC Power for All Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership REEEP Renewable Energy Institute REI Renewables Grid Initiative RGI SLOCAT Partnership on Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport Solar Cookers International SCI Sustainable Energy for All SEforAll Sustainable Energy Africa The Global 100 Renewable Energy Platform Global 100RE World Council for Renewable Energy WCRE World Future Council WFC World Wide Fund for Nature WWFRENEWABLES IN ENERGY SUPPLY FOREWORD In addition to the global development and climate deterioration, the global energy crisis experienced in 2021-2022 has highlighted the critical importance of securing a reliable and stable energy supply. In this context, policy makers as well as energy consumers have turned more attention to renewable energy. As shifting to renewables becomes a global necessity, a pressing question remains How do we ensure that we have enough of them to support a prosperous economy, foster social equity, and achieve sustainable development And how can we provide secure and stable energy supply globally Renewable power experienced record-breaking growth in 2022, but this progress alone does not capture the full picture of the transition. The current growth rate of renewable power is still insufficient, and it overshadows some critical bottlenecks, such as slow permitting processes and insufficient grid infrastructure – as I write, over 1 terawatt of renewable power capacity is waiting to be constructed or connected to the grid. Renewable heat and fuels also lag - heat and fuels provide nearly 80 of global energy supply but are still largely depending on fossil fuel. To shield us from future crises, policymakers need to pay greater attention to diversifying the sources and technologies of renewables. In addition, they need to focus on building an economy that has renewables as its backbone. This means putting in place structures to enable the sustainable growth of the renewables industry, including ramping up manufacturing capacities, securing necessary supply chains and developing skilled labour. The Renewables 2023 Global Status Report – Energy Supply Module delves into the intricacies of renewable energy progress, examining the distribution of energy among carriers and addressing critical obstacles. It is the second in a five-piece collection released this year and represents the collaborative efforts of hundreds of contributors who share the ambition of providing irrefutable and unbiased facts and knowledge to propel the global wave of change. I hope that in this module, you will find the essential elements and tools to support your analysis and work towards a swift transition to renewable energy. Thank you to the REN21 team, authors, special advisors, and contributors who have dedicated their knowledge, time, and effort to produce this report. Their insights, passion, and commitment are instrumental in creating these crowd-sourced and peer-reviewed reports. I am confident that this publication will serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, industry leaders, and stakeholders, informing their decision-making and driving the transition to a sustainable energy future for all. Sincerely, Rana Adib Executive Director, REN21 3RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT - RENEWABLES IN ENERGY SUPPLY RENEWABLES IN ENERGY SUPPLY Global Trends Module Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 REPORT CITATION REN21. 2023. Renewables 2023 Global Status Report collection, Renewables in Energy Supply Paris REN21 Secretariat. ISBN 978-3-948393-08-3 Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09 Photo Credits and Impressum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 R Energy Units and Conversion Factors R Data Collection and Validation R Methodological Notes R Glossary R List of Abbreviations Reference Tables can be accessed through the GSR 2023 Energy Supply Data Pack at R http//www . ren21 . net/gsr2023-data-pack/supply LINKS TO MICROSITE TABLE OF CONTENTS MARKET TRENDS Bioenergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Geothermal Power and Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Heat Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Hydropower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Ocean Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Solar Photovoltaics PV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Concentrated Solar Power CSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Solar Thermal Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Wind Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Challenges and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Comments and questions are welcome and can be sent to gsrren21.net. 4                                         
 C,U S,I, Bz,S     S       -  ,u  hydrogen projectsu        34- 4GW  3FIGURES Figure 1. Renewables in Energy Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Figure 2. Share of Renewable Energy in Electricity Generation, by Energy Source 2012 and 2022 . . . 14 Figure 3. Share of Renewable Heat Production, by Energy Source, 2010 and 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Figure 4. Renewable Share of Electricity Generation, by Region, 2012 and 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Figure 5. Renewable Power Total Installed Capacity and Annual Additions, by Technology, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . 17 Figure 6. Renewable Power Capacity Annual Additions by Technology, 2017-2022, and Increases Required by 2030 to Achieve the IEA’s Net Zero Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Figure 7. Technology-Specific Targets for Installed Renewable Power Capacity, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Figure 8. Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariffs and Net Metering Policies, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Figure 9. Global Investment in Renewable Power and Fuels by Technology, 2018-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Figure 10. Global Investment in RE Power and Fuels by Country and Region, 2013-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure 11. Global Investment in New Power Capacity, by Type, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Figure 12. Range of Annual Renewable Energy Investment Needed in Climate Change Mitigation Scenarios, Compared to Recent Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Figure 13. Share of Bioenergy in Total Final Energy Consumption, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Figure 14. Global Production of Ethanol, Biodiesel and HVO/HEFA Fuel, by Energy Content, 2011-2021 . . . 37 Figure 15. Global Bioelectricity Installed Capacity, by Region, 2012-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Figure 16. Global Wood Pellet Production, by Region, 2012-2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Figure 17. Geothermal Power Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries and Rest of World, 2022 . . . . . . . 43 Figure 18. Geothermal Direct Use, Estimates for Top 4 Countries and Rest of World, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Figure 19. National Heat Pump Markets with the Largest Growth in 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Figure 20. Sales of Heat Pumps and Additions of Solar PV in Poland, 2012-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Figure 21. Hydrogen Strategies and Roadmaps in Selected Countries, as of End-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Figure 22. Hydropower Global Capacity, Shares of Top 10 Countries and Rest of World, 2022 . . . . . . . 55 TABLE OF CONTENTS SIDEBARS Sidebar 1. Permitting and Grid Updates for Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Sidebar 2. Standardising Sustainability in the Hydropower Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 TABLES Table 1. Top Five Countries, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 SNAPSHOTS Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Figure 23. Hydropower Global Capacity and Additions, Shares of Top 10 Countries, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Figure 24. Solar PV Global Capacity and Annual Additions, 2012-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Figure 25. Solar PV Global Capacity, by Country and Region, 2012-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Figure 26. Solar PV Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries for Capacity Added, 2022 . . . . . 64 Figure 27. Solar PV Global Capacity Additions, Shares of Top 10 Countries and Rest of World, 2022 . . . . 65 Figure 28. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Global Capacity, by Country and Region, 2012-2022 . . . . 70 Figure 29. Solar Water Heating Collectors Global Capacity, 2012-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Figure 30. Solar Water Heating Collector Additions, Top 20 Countries for Capacity Added, 2022 . . . . . 72 Figure 31. Wind Power Global Capacity and Annual Additions, 2012-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Figure 32. Wind Power Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 For further details and access to the report, references and endnotes, visit www.ren21.net/gsr-2023/ GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 2023 COLLECTION Renewables in ENERGY SUPPLY 5RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT – RENEWABLES IN ENERGY SUPPLY REN21 is the only global community of actors from science, governments, NGOs and industry working collectively to drive the rapid uptake of renewables – now RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY NETWORK FOR THE 21 st CENTURY REN21 works to build knowledge, shape dialogue and debate, and communicate these results to inform decision makers to strategically drive the deep transformations needed to make renewables the norm . We do this in close co-operation with the community, providing a platform for these stakeholders to engage and collaborate . REN21 also connects with non-energy players to grow the energy discourse, given the economic and social significance of energy . The most successful organisms, such as an octopus, have a decentralised intelligence and “sensing“ function . This increases responsiveness to a changing environment . REN21 incarnates this approach . Our more than 4,000 community members guide our co-ope