逐绿而行：中、日、韩科技企业气候行动研究报告（英）-绿色和平.pdf

Race to Green Scoring Tech Companies from China, Japan and South Korea on their Climate Action and Renewable Energy Use December 2021 Copyright Statement This report was written by Greenpeace East Asia hereafter referred to as “GPEA” to further promote public education and scientific research; encourage press coverage, and to promote the awareness of environmental protection. READING THIS REPORT IS CONSIDERED EQUIVALENT TO HAVING CAREFULLY READ AND FULLY UNDERSTOOD THIS COPYRIGHT STATEMENT AND DISCLAIMER, AND AGREEING TO BE BOUND BY THE FOLLOWING TERMS. This report is published by GPEA. GPEA is the exclusive owner of the copyright of this report. Disclaimer This report was originally written in English, and was subsequently translated into briefings in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. In the event of any discrepancies, the English version prevails. This report is ONLY for the purposes of information sharing, environmental protection and the wider public interest. It should not be used as a reference for any investments, or any other such decision making process. If so used, Greenpeace is exempt from any liabilities arising from such use. The content of this report is based exclusively on officially published information obtained independently from publicly available sources disclosed by the company. GPEA does not guarantee the relevance and accuracy of the information contained in this report. Authors Jia Wei, Xueying Wu Contributing Authors Daul Jang, Yeonho Yang Support from Ayako Sekine, Erin Newport, Insung Lee, Jude Lee, Kyurim Kyoung, Ruiqi Ye, Yuan Ying Designer Mariana Oksdath Published by Greenpeace East Asia 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 Executive Summary Introduction Key Findings Recommendations Tech Industry GHG Emissions Performance Assessment Climate Commitments Climate Action Transparency Advocacy Corporate Renewable Energy Procurement Methods Recommendations Appendix Ranking Green Race to EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Race to Green | Greenpeace Race to Green | Greenpeace Executive Summary | 5 Introduction In 2021, East Asia experienced another year of historic extreme weather events, with devastating flooding in China 1 and heat waves in South Korea 2 and Tokyo. 3 Climate change is now a major force in our daily lives, and the technology sector is an important and growing source of emissions. Rapid growth in East Asia’s technology sector has resulted in a sharp increase in electricity consumption and significant contribution to the region’s greenhouse gas GHG emissions. This report assesses climate commitments and emissions reductions by 30 of the region’s major tech companies. The total electricity consumption of these 30 companies rivals that of Thailand. 4 Unfortunately, most electricity consumed by major tech companies in East Asia is still generated from burning fossil fuels, primarily coal and gas. Last autumn, China, Japan and South Korea pledged to achieve carbon neutrality/net zero by mid-century 2060 in China; 2050 in Japan and South Korea. For the region’s tech companies, adopting 100 renewable energy use is necessary to sustain growth in the face of growing pressure to reduce emissions. For this reason, corporate renewable energy commitments provide more than a mere brand reputation advantage; they are key to a company’s core growth strategy. Yet while the tech sector brands itself as the industry of the future, major tech companies in East Asia are only just beginning to increase their renewable energy use and develop strategies to reduce GHG emissions. By contrast, case studies from around the world underline that the tech industry has the potential to act as a leading force in the energy transition and to forge a model for corporate renewable energy use across all sectors. This report tracks renewable energy commitments and follow-through by 30 1. Gan, N., Wang, Z., 2021. 2021. Death Toll Rises as Passengers Recount Horror of China Subway Flood. Retrieved October 25, from https//edition.cnn. com/2021/07/22/china/zhengzhou-henan-china-flooding-update-intl-hnk/index.html 2. Herald corp. 2021. Livestock animal heatwave battle. 220,000 chickens and 5,000 pigs died. Retrieved October 25, from http//news.heraldcorp.com/view. phpud20210728000407 3. Gunia, A. 2021. Everyone Knew Tokyo Would Be One of the Hottest Olympics Ever. It’s Still Taking a Brutal Toll. Retrieved October 25, from https//time. com/6085237/olympics-extreme-heat/ 4. IEA. Retrieved October 25, from https//www.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies/electricity Race to Green | Greenpeace Executive Summary | 6 No company included in the ranking scored higher than a C. None of the ranked companies have committed to 100 renewable energy use across the supply chain by 2030 and taken the necessary steps toward meeting this goal. Sony received the highest overall grade on the ranking as a result of the company’s commitment to achieve 100 renewable energy by 2040, pledge to reduce GHG emissions across the supply chain scope 1-3, relatively high level of data transparency, and renewable energy advocacy efforts. However, Sony has made little progress towards increasing its renewable energy use, with renewable energy still accounting for only 7 of the company’s total power consumption, according to Sony’s 2021 sustainability report. 5 Leading global brands Samsung Electronics, Xiaomi, and Alibaba were among the lowest scoring companies in the ranking, receiving D or D- grades. All three companies have yet to issue global 100 renewable energy pledges or GHG emission reduction targets. Xiaomi and Alibaba also performed poorly in the data transparency category. 5. Sony. 2021. Sony Sustainability Report 2021. Retrieved October 25, from https//www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/csr/library/reports/ SustainabilityReport2021_E.pdf Overall of East Asia’s leading technology companies. Companies were selected from the 2019 Forbes Top 100 Digital Companies list, with consideration to domestic market value and social impact. Ranking criteria and evaluation methodology were developed by Greenpeace East Asia GPEA. The ranking assesses each company’s climate commitment, climate action, transparency and climate advocacy. The authors hope that a rubric to measure each company’s progress will encourage the region’s tech giants to strengthen their contributions to national, regional and global climate efforts. Maximum GHG emissions reductions can be realized if all companies commit to and achieve 100 renewable energy use across the supply chain by or before 2030. Key Findings Race to Green | Greenpeace Executive Summary | 7 Climate Commitments Only two ranked companies have pledged to achieve 100 renewable energy by or before 2030 Yahoo Japan 2023, and Rakuten 2025. Neither of the two companies has issued the same commitment across their supply chain. In many cases, companies have set target dates to achieve 100 renewable energy that are decades in the future, far too late to accelerate East Asia’s energy transition. LG Electronics and four other ranked companies pledged to reach 100 renewable energy by 2050, much later than the average for RE100 6 companies 2028. 7 None of the 10 major Chinese companies 8 included in the ranking have issued 100 renewable energy commitments, compared to half of ranked companies from Japan and four ranked companies from South Korea. Yet in all cases, existing 100 renewable energy commitments do not include the entire supply chain, which can account for the majority of a company’s total emissions. Few companies have pledged to reduce emissions across their entire supply chain. 18 out of 30 ranked companies pledged to achieve carbon neutrality or net zero within three decades by 2050, including Panasonic and LG Electronics. Yet only three companies - Sony, Toshiba and Hitachi - have included supply chain emissions in their targets. Few companies have followed through on their commitments with real action. Nearly half of ranked companies have issued net zero or carbon neutrality pledges, and one third have set targets for renewable energy use. However, only two companies, Rakuten and GDS, have achieved renewable energy usage rates of 20 or higher. Ranked companies continue to opt for renewable energy sourcing methods that are characterized by high limitations and low impacts. 90 of ranked companies continue to rely on rooftop solar and unbundled renewable energy certificates RECs to transition to 100 renewable energy. Ranked 6. RE100 is a global initiative bringing together the world’s most influential businesses driving the transition to 100 renewable electricity. 7. Daul, J. 2021. No more excuses for climate inaction. Retrieved October 25, from https//www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/opinion/2021/07/794_307195.html 8. JD Logistic, the former logistics arm of JD.com, committed to 100 renewable energy by 2030. JD.com has yet to issue such a commitment. Climate Action Race to Green | Greenpeace Executive Summary | 8 companies could instead increase their use of Power Purchase Agreements PPAs, contracts that allow companies to buy renewable electricity directly from producers. PPAs are available in all three countries and are more effectively able to meet the high electricity demand of major tech companies and contribute to the expansion of local renewable energy development. Transparency 70 of ranked companies disclosed scope 3 emissions. The remaining 30 include Tencent, Alibaba and Naver. Only four ranked companies disclosed data from outside the country where they are headquartered. These companies are Sony, Canon, Renesas Electronics, and LG Electronics. Advocacy Seven major Japanese tech companies, including Sony and Panasonic, collaborated to petition Japan’s government to increase its 2030 renewable energy capacity target to 50. 9 Tencent has requested China’s government to remove barriers to corporate renewable energy procurement and encourage investment in large-scale renewable energy projects. By contrast, ranked tech companies in South Korea, including Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics, and SK Hynix, have not publicly advocated to strengthen renewable energy policies. Recommendations Tech companies can utilize the following approaches to reduce their emissions Set targets to achieve 100 renewable energy across the supply chain by 2030. Set ambitious GHG emission reduction targets that include the entire 9. Japan Climate Initiative. 2021. 92 corporations calling on the Japanese government to raise its 2030 renewable energy target to 40-50. Retrieved November 5, from https//japanclimate.org/english/news-topics/re2030increment/ Race to Green | Greenpeace Executive Summary | 9 supply chain scope 3 and are not reliant on the use of carbon offsets. Companies should also work towards zero GHG emissions, or as near zero emissions as possible, with short-term targets in place along the way. Choose impactful renewable energy procurement methods, such as PPAs, which are trackable and contribute to national renewable energy capacity. Disclose climate and energy data across the supply chain by abiding by a data disclosure framework that includes scope 3 emissions. Utilize status as industry leaders to advocate for climate mitigation and renewable energy-friendly policies. RACE TO GREEN | Greenpeace RANKING Race to Green | Greenpeace Ranking | 11 A- C C C B Overall Grade Commitment Action Transparency Advocacy A- C C- C C A- C C- D C F C- C- C B F C- C- C C- B C- D D C A- C- F C C A- C- D- C- B F C- D C C A- C- D D C A- D D D C- C D C- D C- D- D D D C B D D- D C D- D D D B Race to Green | Greenpeace Ranking | 12 Overall Grade Commitment Action Transparency Advocacy D- D D F C C D D-F A C D DF B C D DD- F C D DF D- C D F C F C D D-D F F D D- C-F B- F D- DF C F D- D D D F F F F F F F F C D D CD- D- F D- D- D- F C D D-D- B TECH INDUSTRY GHG EMISSIONS RACE TO GREEN | Greenpeace Race to Green | Greenpeace T ech Industry GHG Emissions | 14 Many of the world’s biggest tech brands are headquartered in East Asia. Following recent climate pledges from the governments of China, Japan, and South Korea, tech companies in the region face growing pressure to contribute to national, regional and global climate efforts. However, as East Asia’s tech industry expands, electricity consumption from the sector continues to skyrocket. Electricity usage from the global tech sector is expected to grow by nearly 70 by 2030, reaching 3200TWh. 10 The electricity consumption of the 30 companies included in this ranking exceeds Thailand’s total 2019 electricity consumption. 11 As the majority of East Asia’s electricity is generated from fossil fuels, 12 the tech industry is a major source of GHG emissions. 10. Schneider Electric. 2021. Digital Economy and climate impact. Retrieved November 8. 11. IEA. Retrieved October 25, from https//www.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies/electricity 12. Greenpeace. 2014. GreenGadgets Designing the Future. Retrieved October 25, from https//www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-international- stateless/21980e69-green-gadgets.pdf Device manufacturing TVs peripherals use IoT devices use Network equipment use IT devices use Mobile networks Fixed networks DC infrastructures Storage Compute 2015 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 2020 2023 2030 Evolution of IT Energy Demand TWh Figure 1. Evolution of tech sector electricity demand Source Schneider Electric Race to Green | Greenpeace T ech Industry GHG Emissions | 15 Tech is one of China’s fastest-growing industries and is a major driver of the national economy. Greenpeace has estimated that electricity usage from China’s data center industry will increase by two-thirds by 2023. 13 However, given that 61 of the industry’s electricity is generated from coal, the failure to launch effective renewable interventions is forecast to result in the sector emitting 193 million tonnes of GHG emissions by 2035. 14 In 2018, Japan’s domestic tech sector contributed 44.2 trillion JPY to the country’s GDP, accounting for 8.7 of Japan’s GDP by industry. 15 However, Japan’s technology sector is a major consumer of electricity. Total electricity consumption by Japan’s tech sector in 2019 16 exceeded that of New Zealand in 2020. 17 75 of Japan’s electricity is still generated from fossil fuels. 18 Likewise, South Korea’s tech sector production is expected to reach KRW 495 trillion by 2025, with an annual growth rate of 1.5 from 2021. 19 Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics, and SK Hynix are some of the world’s biggest technology companies. According to figures released by the Ministry of Environment NGMS and Greenpeace calculations, South Korea’s tech sector 20 was responsible for nearly 37 million tonnes of carbon emissions in 2019, exceeding Norway’s total emissions in 2018. 21 13. Greenpeace East Asia. 2019. Electricity consumption from China’s internet industry to increase