可再生能源及就业：2022年回顾（英）-RENA&ILO.pdf

H 2 million jobs in 2021 million jobs in 2021 www.irena.org In collaboration with Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review 2022 IRENA 2022 Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA as the source and copyright holder. Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions, and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before any use of such material. ISBN 978-92-9260-364-9 Citation IRENA and ILO 2022, Renewable energy and jobs Annual review 2022, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi and International Labour Organization, Geneva. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Under the guidance of Rabia Ferroukhi Director, Knowledge, Policy and Finance Centre, this report was authored by Michael Renner, Celia Garca-Baos and Arslan Khalid IRENA. Hydropower jobs estimates are based on modelling contributed by Maximilian Banning and Philip Ulrich GWS. Future jobs projections draw on analytical work by Gondia Seck, Bishal Parajuli and Xavier Casals IRENA based on modelling of the energy transition undertaken by Cambridge Econometrics. IRENA expresses gratitude for valuable contributions made by colleagues at the International Labour Organization ILO, including Moustapha Kamal Gueye, Marek Harsdorff, Camila Pereira Rego Meireles, Casper Edmonds and Shreya Goel. The authors also thank IRENA national focal points for country data, and Renata Grisoli UNDP for data on Brazil’s bioethanol workforce. For further information or to provide feedback, go to publicationsirena.org Download from www.irena.org/publications DISCLAIMER This publication and the material herein are provided “as is”. All reasonable precautions have been taken by IRENA to verify the reliability of the material. However, neither IRENA nor any of its officials, agents, data providers or other third- party content providers provide a warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, and they accept no responsibility or liability for any consequence of use of the publication. The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of the Members of IRENA. The mention of specific companies or certain projects or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by IRENA in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The designations employed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of IRENA concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area, or the authorities thereof, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries. IRENA HEADQUARTERS Masdar City, P.O. Box 236 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates www.irena.org ABOUT IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future and serves as the principal platform for international co-operation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low- carbon economic growth and prosperity. www.irena.org ABOUT ILO The only tripartite U.N. agency, since 1919 the ILO brings together governments, employers and workers of 187 Member States, to set labour standards, develop policies and devise programmes promoting decent work for all women and men. www.ilo.orgGuy Ryder Director-General International Labour Organization Francesco La Camera Director-General International Renewable Energy Agency 3 With the extreme weather events witnessed across the globe in recent years, the heavy costs of climate change are becoming increasingly visible to all, strengthening the already compelling case for our transition to a low-carbon future powered by renewable energy. As with the global economy, the renewable energy sector faces lingering supply chain disruptions from the COVID-19 crisis and volatile energy prices stemming from trade disputes and geopolitical rivalries. Our responses to these immediate and long-term challenges bring to the fore the role of workforce development. This remains an essential component of the energy transition that should be addressed in the context of a broad policy framework comprising industrial policies, education and skills training, labour market policies, enterprise development, diversity and inclusion strategies, regional revitalisation and social protection measures, based on social dialogue. This ninth edition of IRENA’s Renewable energy and jobs Annual review shows that the number of people either directly or indirectly employed in the renewable energy sector has continued to grow, from 12 million in 2020 to 12.7 million in 2021. Solar photovoltaics, with a third of these jobs, remains the most dynamic renewable industry. Close to two thirds of all renewable energy jobs are based in Asia, with China alone accounting for 42 of the global total. This reflects the region’s strengths in installation markets and equipment manufacturing. To secure jobs and other socioeconomic benefits worldwide, more countries across the globe need to pursue policies to boost their domestic capabilities. As the number of jobs in the renewable energy sector continues to rise, it is essential to ensure that these posts provide decent livelihoods in terms of wages, occupational health and safety and workplace conditions, job security and other rights at work. A successful and just energy transition must reflect the needs and interests of communities and regions, offer social protection for those most affected, and ensure that poor households and the most vulnerable members of societies are not priced out of the energy market by measures intended to reflect the environmental costs of fossil fuels. Such a perspective can ensure that the move from old to new energy systems is just, both in terms of jobs and other pressing social and economic needs in societies around the world. Encouraging advances have been made in workforce gender equity – with women accounting for one-third of all renewable energy jobs. Additional progress is essential. As the transition gathers pace our focus must remain on fostering workforce diversity in ways that offer equal opportunities across the board, not only in terms of gender but for youth, minorities and marginalised groups. This report shines a spotlight on the extended renewables value chain. On the upstream side, growing scrutiny of industry practices in the mining and processing of commodities critical to renewable energy is required. This includes environmental and labour standards as well as impacts on local communities, local content, value added and domestic manufacturing. Meanwhile, at the other end of the value chain, measures are needed to handle decommissioned equipment and materials with greater care and responsibility. As the transition gains momentum, the multiple benefits of pursuing renewable energy are becoming increasingly clear – ranging from greater climate stability to new economic opportunities and jobs. If we are to lock in these benefits for the long term, we must act with urgency to significantly ramp up the pace of our transition to a sustainable energy future. FOREWORDRENEWABLE ENERGY AND JOBS ANNUAL REVIEW 2022 4 Brenda Sangi Arruda / iStockphoto.comTABLE OF CONTENTS 5 Foreword . 3 Figures, tables and boxes 6 Abbreviations . 7 Key facts . 8 Key observations 9 INTRODUCTION 10 CHAPTER 1 RENEWABLE ENERGY EMPLOYMENT BY TECHNOLOGY . 14 1.1 Solar photovoltaic 16 1.2 Wind .20 1.3 Hydropower . 23 1.4 Liquid biofuels . 25 1.5 Off-grid renewables . 27 CHAPTER 2 RENEWABLE ENERGY EMPLOYMENT IN SELECTED COUNTRIES 29 2.1 Leading countries 32 2.2 Other countries 47 CHAPTER 3 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM ASPECTS . 53 3.1 A changing supply chain landscape . 53 3.2 Logging and mining for the energy transition other impacts 56 3.3 A circular economy approach to renewable energy materials 60 Can experience with managing e-waste help in managing renewables waste 61 Recycling opportunities in wind and solar 64 CHAPTER 4 DECENT JOBS AND SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR A JUST TRANSITION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.1 Challenges and opportunities .66 4.2 A just transition for households and workers .68 What does the energy transition entail for jobs, workers, economies and regions 68 Assessing the impacts of the energy transition on jobs in different places 69 Just transition policies to guide countries’ responses . 70 Financing just transition policies . 70 CHAPTER 5 TAKE-AWAYS AND THE WAY FORWARD .71 5.1 An all-encompassing approach to policy making 71 5.2 Future job estimates and socio- economic footprints . 73 References . 77 TABLE OF CONTENTS6 Figures Figure 1 Evolution of global renewable energy employment by technology, 2012-2021 11 Figure 2 World renewable electricity capacity, 2010-2021 .12 Figure 3 Global renewable energy employment, by technology, 2021 .15 Figure 4 Exports and net trade in the solar PV sector, 2020 Selected countries . 17 Figure 5 Solar PV employment in 2021 Top ten countries .18 Figure 6 Wind employment in 2021 Top ten countries 21 Figure 7 Exports and net trade in the wind sector, 2020 Selected countries . 22 Figure 8 Exports and net trade in the hydropower sector, 2020 Selected countries . 23 Figure 9 Hydropower employment direct jobs, by country, 2021 . 24 Figure 10 Exports and net trade in the biofuels sector, 2020 Selected countries . 25 Figure 11 Liquid biofuels employment in 2021 Top ten countries . 26 Figure 12 Renewable energy employment in selected countries . 30 Figure 13 Jobs in China’s solar PV value chain, 2021 32 Figure 14 Jobs in the US solar PV value chain, 2021 . 39 Figure 15 Extended renewable energy supply chain 55 Figure 16 Employment in e-waste reuse in the United States, Europe and the United Kingdom . 62 Figure 17 A comprehensive policy framework for a just energy transition . 72 Figure 18 IRENA reports on employment in the renewable energy sector and the socio-economics of the energy transition, 2011-2022 . 75Tables Table 1 Estimated number of direct and indirect jobs in renewable energy worldwide, by industry, 2020–2021 thousand jobs. . 31 Boxes Box 1 Solar PV A gender perspective 19 Box 2 Employment in Decentralised Renewable Energy 28 Box 3 State-level efforts to develop local offshore wind supply chains in the United States 42 Box 4 Balsa logging and community livelihoods .57 Box 5 Mineral mining for the renewable energy transition Job and community impacts 58 Box 6 Measures to promote a circular economy approach in renewable energy 63 Box 7 Energy transition jobs potential to 2030 and 2050 .74 Abbreviations ASM artisanal and small-scale mining CdTe cadmium telluride CSP concentrated solar power DRE decentralised renewable energy EOL end-of-life EU European Union EU-27 27 Member States of the European Union GW gigawatt IEA International Energy Agency ILO International Labour Organization IREC Interstate Renewable Energy Council MW megawatt OM operations and maintenance PV photovoltaic RD research and development SGRE Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy USDA- US Department of Agriculture FAS Foreign Agricultural Service US DOE US Department of Energy 7 hareluya / Shutterstock.com8 Annual review 2022 Worldwide employment in renewable energy in 2021, up from 12 million in 2020. Close to two-thirds of all jobs are in Asia, and China alone accounts for 42 of the global total. It is followed by the European Union and Brazil with 10 each, and the United States and India with 7 each. Jobs in solar photovoltaic PV in 2021, the fastest-growing sector, accounting for more than a third of the total renewable energy workforce. Jobs in wind power in 2021. Countries are building the industrial base and infrastructure needed to support growing offshore installations. Direct jobs in hydropower in 2021. Two-thirds of these jobs were in manufacturing, 30 related to construction and installation and about 6 to operation and maintenance. Jobs in biofuels in 2021, with the vast majority in feedstock operations. Biodiesel output and employment are rising while ethanol is ebbing. Worldwide employment in renewable energy in 2030 under an ambitious energy transition scenario with front-loaded investments. The number of jobs in the energy sector could rise to 139 million, including more than 74 million in energy efficiency, electric vehicles, power systems/flexibility and hydrogen. KEY FACTS 12.7 million R 4.3 million R 1.3 million R 2.4 million R 2.4 million R 38.2 million R9 R MANUFACTURING HUBS At present, a handful of countries dominate the renewable energy landscape, reflecting their strengths in manufacturing, engineering and related services, reaping the majority of jobs. But some component production is shifting to other countries. R DOMESTIC JOB CREATION The lingering impact of the COVID-19 crisis has put a spotlight on the viability of far-flung supply chains. Rising concerns in the context of additional supply chain disruptions, trade disputes and geopolitical rivalries are reinforcing interest in localisation of supply chains, to enhance resilience, domestic value and job creation. R DECENT JOBS Jobs that pay good wages, adhere to occupational health and safety standards, and provide job security are essential for a just energy transition. Workers’ rights are key to collective bargaining and effective social dialogue. R COMMODITIES Observance of labour and environmental standards is critical along the renewable energy supply chain. This includes the mining and processing of metals and other raw materials critical to renewable energy equipment. Industry practices vis--vis workers and local communities are receiving greater scrutiny. R CIRCULAR ECONOMY Once solar panels and wind turbines reach the end of their life, recycling, remanufacturing and reuse of embedded materials limit waste flows, reduce the extraction of virgin raw materials and offer greater employment opportunities than landfilling or incineration. R POLICY FRAMEWORK The continued expansion of decent renewable energy jobs requires a comprehensive approach comprising policies on deployment, integration and enablement, as well as industrial policies, education and skills training, labour market measures, diversity and inclusion strategies, and regional revitalisation and social protection measures. KEY OBSERVATIONS eyesfoto / iStockphoto.comRENEWABLE ENERGY AND JOBS ANNUAL REVIEW 2022 10 1 Data are principally for 2021, with some dates for 2020 and a fe