世界经济论坛：2023年亚洲企业气候行动指南（英）.pdf

Accelerating Asia’s Advantage: A Guide to Corporate Climate Action WHITE PAPER APRIL 2023 In collaboration with Boston Consulting Group and SAP 更多报告请关注公众号：全球行业报告库 Images: Getty Images, Unsplash © 2023 World Economic Forum. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system. Disclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project, insight area or interaction. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum, nor the entirety of its Members, Partners or other stakeholders. Contents Foreword 3 Executive summary 4 1 The battle for net zero will be won or lost in Asia 5 1.1 Asia represents the world’s biggest opportunity 7 for positive climate results 1.2 The current response to the climate challenge is inadequate 7 1.3 Change won’t be easy as key challenges remain at both regional and corporate levels 8 1.4 Asia has much to lose in a climate emergency 10 2 It’s time to adapt to what’s to come and mitigate its effects 11 2.1 Adapting to a warmer world 11 2.2 Mitigating the rate of change 13 2.3 A single approach will yield great opportunities 13 2.4 Energizing a just transition 15 3 The corporate climate framework 20 3.1 What to do first: immediate actions 21 3.2 What good looks like: Zuellig Pharma drives impact through 22 transparent targets 3.3 Enabling transformation in the medium term 24 3.4 What good looks like: City Developments Limited invests to address emissions across the value chain 26 3.5 Unlocking new growth 27 3.6 What good looks like: Olam combines digital transformation 28 and climate action 4 Follow your ambitions with committed actions 30 Contributors 31 Endnotes 32 Accelerating Asia’s Advantage: A Guide to Corporate Climate Action 2 Foreword The past 12 months were slated to be a year of sustainability action. The 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP27) in Egypt saw a breakthrough in funding for the loss and damage climate change has wrought. New legislation in the United States and Australia raised hopes and fuelled further climate investment. While these developments are welcome, the current trajectory on climate action is still insufficient. Abiding by existing policies and strategies only serves to maintain a status quo that is harmful to our planet. Asia represents the world’s biggest opportunity to make tangible change. The size of Asian populations and economies, together with the region’s enormous growth potential, offers great upsides for climate action. Businesses across Asia need to be at the forefront of the drive towards climate action. Corporate entities, whether private or state-owned, are responsible for an overwhelming share, some 51%, of global emissions and bear a strong responsibility for accelerating climate action efforts. Alongside bold policy development from governments, businesses can play a critical role in mitigating climate impact while also boosting their own competitive advantage. This report, prepared jointly by the World Economic Forum, Boston Consulting Group and SAP, provides a business perspective on climate action. The findings of this report are based on first- and third-party quantitative and qualitative research from across Asia. We conducted interviews with a range of senior executives from leading Asian companies across sectors – from energy to transport and from industrial sectors to agriculture. Our analysis was supplemented by additional research from a range of sources, including the International Energy Agency (IEA), Climate Watch, the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the World Bank, in addition to previous work undertaken by Boston Consulting Group and SAP. The ambitions, commitments and promises we hear regularly are meaningful only if combined with allied actions, both today and tomorrow. Businesses must plan their corporate climate action framework across three key phases. First, they must take immediate action to measure benchmarks, set targets and introduce emission reduction solutions. Second, they must mobilize resources and accelerate ecosystem collaboration. And third, they should begin to unlock growth within their value chain – and beyond. We live in an age of urgency, and Asia is a region that will decide the success of global climate action efforts. Only by committing to bold and immediate change can Asian businesses and their leaders contribute to a brighter future for our planet and better lives for our people. Gim Huay Neo Managing Director, Centre for Nature and Climate, World Economic Forum Paul Marriott President Asia Pacific BCG Analysis Accelerating Asia’s Advantage: A Guide to Corporate Climate Action 5 更多报告请关注公众号：全球行业报告库 The scale of emissions extends across industries. Asia alone is responsible for more than half of annual emissions in major industries – electricity, manufacturing, industry and land use. 4 But the impact of Asia’s climate response shouldn’t be considered in a vacuum. Asian climate action has a direct impact on the health of the whole planet. Asian economies including China, South Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia and Japan play a significant role in global supply chains. That results in large interregional flows of embedded CO 2 emissions (Figure 2). Asia’s prominence in global supply chains has a significant effect on emissions flows FIGURE 2 South Korea 29.3 60.3 Japan 20.4 57.8 74.1 69.4 136.1 80.1 Regions Outgoing (Mt) Incoming (Mt) 61.2 15.6 0.5 17.9 5.0 25.6 Outgoing (Mt) Incoming (Mt) ASEAN China RoW New Zealand Australia A u s t r a li a N e w Z e a l a n d R e s t o f t h e w o r l d ( R o W ) China A S E A N J a p a n S o u t h K o r e a O U T: 5 .0 I N : 2 5 . 6 O U T : 0 . 5 I N : 1 7 . 9 O U T : 6 1 . 2 I N : 1 5 . 6 O U T : 13 6.1 IN : 8 0 .1 O U T : 7 4 . 1 I N : 6 9 . 4 O U T : 2 0 . 4 I N 5 7 . 8 O U T : 2 9 . 3 IN : 6 0 .3 Source: Springer Nature, 2022 Note: Largest interregional flows of carbon in trade in 2021, measured in millions of metric tons CO 2 equivalent; Mt = millions of metric tons Accelerating Asia’s Advantage: A Guide to Corporate Climate Action 6 The scale of opportunity in Asia cannot be understated. The region is home to almost 60% of the world’s population, 5 accounts for 53% of primary energy consumption 6 and generates 45% of global gross domestic product. 7 Asia is responsible for more than half (53%) of the reduction needed to achieve the International Energy Agency (IEA)’s Sustainable Development Scenario by 2050, including 88% of the required reduction in global coal emissions. 8 The region has not yet realized its full economic potential. Driven by China, India and rapidly developing economies in South-East Asia, Asia is expected to see gross domestic product (GDP) growth at rates well above the global average. 9 Yet despite its lead in population and economic growth, Asia lags in per capita development across GDP, energy consumption and GHGs. 10 Any increases in these areas will further affect climate and make the change required harder to resolve. 1.1 Asia represents the world’s biggest opportunity for positive climate results 1.2 The current response to the climate challenge is inadequate Regional decarbonization rates highlight the need for actionFIGURE 3 Regional decarbonization rates Emissions/GDP change, % CAGR for the period 2010–2020 2015–2020 2010–2015 -2.9% -3.5% -2.2% -2.5% -3.2% -1.8% 1.6% 1.1% 2.1% 2.7% 0.4% 5.0% 1.3% 3.2% -0.5% 2.3% 3.9% 0.6% -0.7% -1.5% 0.1% Worldwide acceleration after 2014 Paris alignment World EU US China India SEA RoAP Relative decoupling of emissions from GDP in developed countries AP region needs to accelerate decoupling and turn the trend The global action required to limit climate change to 1.5°C is currently insufficient. The rate of decarbonization between 2015 and 2020 stood at just -1.5% globally – this trajectory would lead to at least a 3°C increase in temperatures by 2030 (Figure 3). Decarbonization rates of 6% are needed to limit warming to 2°C, and of 16% for the target of 1.5°C by 2030. Asia’s decarbonization rate remains significantly below the world’s average and isn’t expected to improve in the near future. Assessment of the region’s existing national policies and commitments implies that carbon intensity will remain at the same level for the next decade, with acceleration of decarbonization happening only after 2030. The same analysis predicts an increase in renewable energy as a share of the energy mix of just 5% by 2030, while energy supply is expected to grow by 18%. Note: CAGR = compound annual growth rate; SEA = South-East Asia; RoAP = rest of Asia-Pacific Source: Climate Watch Historical GHG Emissions Data, BCG analysis Accelerating Asia’s Advantage: A Guide to Corporate Climate Action 7 更多报告请关注公众号：全球行业报告库 At a corporate level, there has been an encouraging acceleration in the number and scale of commitments, as well as in reporting on climate action initiatives. In 2021, 3,879 companies in Asia disclosed their climate targets and emissions through the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) – a 29% increase year-on-year. However, only around 900 of those companies had adopted science-based targets, and just 300 (8%) had net-zero targets. There is also work to be done to turn commitments into action, with only 38% of companies reporting that they are following a specific low-carbon transition plan. 11 1.3 Change won’t be easy as key challenges remain at both regional and corporate levels At a macro level, there can be no single approach for success in Asia, given the region’s complexity and diversity. Asia is home to 49 countries and 2,300 languages – and there are significant differences in key industries, natural resources and economic considerations within individual countries, let alone across borders. Strategies must be tailored for each country, taking into account demographic and socioeconomic circumstances as well as the current maturity of climate action development. Balancing macro priorities will be a challenge. Asia contains several fast-growing economies that are likely to see increasing demand for low-cost and abundant energy as they develop. Gaps in access to that energy must be balanced with the clean energy transition to ensure equitable growth. This transformation requires significant investment – regions such as South-East Asia and India need to double their clean energy investments to even meet their Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) goals (Figure 4). 12 Clean energy funding needs new impetus even to reach stated goalsFIGURE 4 Clean energy investment by region as a share of GDP, 2015–2030 Clean energy investment in South-East Asia Eurasia MENA Sub-Saharan Africa India South-East Asia Low-emission fuels 2 Efficiency and end-use Clean electricity 3 Share of clean 4 0% 4% 2% 6% 8% 2016 2018 2020 2026–2030 SDS 1 0 100 50 150 100% $B (2020) 50% 0% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021E STEPS 2026–2030 +123 SDS 1 SDS refers to the IEA’s Sustainable Development Scenario; 2 Low-emissions fuels include modern solid, liquid and gaseous bioenergy, low-carbon hydrogen and hydrogen- based fuels that do not emit any CO 2 from fossil fuels directly when used and also emit very little when being produced; 3 Clean electricity includes low-carbon generation, power infrastructure grids and batteries; 4 “Share of clean” = clean energy investment as a share of total energy investment. Investment is measured as ongoing capital spending in energy-supply capacity (fuel production and clean electricity) and incremental capital spending above a baseline for energy end-use and efficiency sectors (in buildings, transport and industry) Source: IEA, South-East Asia Energy Outlook 2022: https://www.iea.org/reports/southeast-asia-energy-outlook-2022 Accelerating Asia’s Advantage: A Guide to Corporate Climate Action 8 Meanwhile, corporate Asia is making slow progress. Today, 50% of Asian businesses believe that addressing environmental issues will be material to business results within the next five years. 13 But there remain both external and internal barriers to corporate progress. Externally, major policy development has largely stalled 14 and there are still no standardized global reporting formats, nor a global carbon price. While consumer interest in environmentally responsible goods is strong, higher pricing and lower availability of sustainable goods has hindered adoption. 15 Internally, key obstacles including strategy alignment, data use and access to resources are still being tackled. Uncertainty is the top critical barrier for businesses, though 42% of South-East Asian businesses say lack of environmental strategy is holding them back, while 33% point towards lack of funding (Figure 5). 16 Another unique aspect of corporate Asia is the prevalence of family-run businesses. As many as 300 of the 500 largest companies by revenue in India are family-owned and operated. This offers a unique challenge and opportunity for climate action. Data is critical to benchmark climate action and set targets, yet 59% of South-East Asian businesses are not completely satisfied with their ability to accurately measure their environmental impact: 20% of South-East Asian companies rely solely upon assumptions and estimates to assess the environmental impact of their supply chain. The barriers to corporate climate action varyFIGURE 5 Uncertainty caused by COVID-19 pandemic Timing Stakeholder indifference No business case Capability gaps No barriers Customer indifference Lack of support from senior management Inability to get partners/suppliers to act Not a business priority Organizational resistance Actions not requested by partners Not necessary as competitors aren’t taking action Lack of funding Doubtful about ability to measure impact on environment Lack of necessary expertise Unclear how to embed sustainability into business processes and IT systems Unclear how potential actions would align with organizational strategy Lack of environmental impact strategy Don’t know where to start Lack of necessary expertise We have had no specific barriers 49% 27% 21% 20% 18% 17% 17% 12% 33% 24% 29% 27% 22% 42% 9% 32% 8% Note: South-East Asia (N = 580), percentage who chose a barrier anywhere in their top 5 Source: SAP Accelerating Asia’s Advantage: A Guide to Corporate Climate Action 9 更多报告请关注公众号：全球行业报告库 1.4 Asia has much to lose in a climate emergency The worrying fact is that, even if the 1.5°C targets set in the Paris Agreement are achieved, Asia will still bear the brunt of more – and more extreme – weather events, as well as a shift in its broader climate. At 1.5°C, Asian countries will still have to deal with as many as 60 million people a