Solar cell efficiency tables (version 48)-马丁格林-新南威尔士大学.pdf

ACCELERATED PUBLICATION Solar cell efficiency tables version 48 Martin A. Green 1 * , Keith Emery 2 , Yoshihiro Hishikawa 3 , Wilhelm Warta 4 and Ewan D. Dunlop 5 1 Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia 2 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA 3 Research Center for Photovoltaics RCPV, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST, Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan 4 Characterisation and Simulation/CalLab Cells, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Heidenhofstr. 2, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany 5 European Commission – Joint Research Centre, Renewable Energy Unit, Institute for Energy, Via E. Fermi 2749, IT-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy ABSTRACT Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined, and new entries since January 2016 are reviewed. Copyright 2016 John Wiley photovoltaic efficiency; energy conversion efficiency *Correspondence Martin A. Green, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 New South Wales, Australia. E-mail m.greenunsw.edu.au Received 10 May 2016; Accepted 20 May 2016 1. INTRODUCTION Since January 1993, Progress in Photovoltaics has pub- lished six monthly listings of the highest confirmed efficiencies for a range of photovoltaic cell and module technologies [1–3]. By providing guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables, this not only provides an authoritative summary of the current state-of-the-art but also encourages researchers to seek independent confirma- tion of results and to report results on a standardised basis. In Version 33 of these Tables [2], results were updated to the new internationally accepted reference spectrum International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 60904-3, Ed. 2, 2008, where this was possible. The most important criterion for inclusion of results into the Tables is that they must have been independently mea- sured by a recognised test centre listed elsewhere [1]. A distinction is made between three different eligible defini- tions of cell area total area, aperture area and designated illumination area, as also defined elsewhere [1]. ‘Active area’ efficiencies are not included. There are also certain minimum values of the area sought for the different device types above 0.05cm 2 for a concentrator cell, 1cm 2 for a one-sun cell and 800cm 2 for a module. Results are reported for cells, and modules made from different semiconductors and for sub-categories within each semiconductor grouping e.g. crystalline, polycrystal- line and thin film. From Version 36 onwards, spectral response information is included when available in the form of a plot of the external quantum efficiency EQE versus wavelength, either as absolute values or normalised to the peak measured value. Current voltage IV curves have also been included where possible from Version 38 onwards. 2. NEW RESULTS Highest confirmed ‘one sun’ cell and module results are reported in Tables I and II. Any changes in the tables from those previously published [3] are set in bold type. In most cases, a literature reference is provided, which describes either the result reported, or a similar result readers identi- fying improved references are welcome to submit to the lead author. Table I summarises the best reported measurements for cells and submodules, while Table II shows the best results for modules. Table III contains what might be described as ‘notable exceptions’. While not PROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS Prog. Photovolt Res. 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