7 State Key Lab of PV Science and Technology-Daming Chen

2 2 / oxd m E BT E e  h n-type C-Si n-type C-Si ∆𝑛 31015 Δ Δ ∆𝑛 31015 ρ n-type CZ silicon wafer Wafer quality control Cleanliness of environment and facilities Good design of cell structure Fine tune of processing parameters Good control of production operation Stability of equipment front emitter 29 front contact 45 Si bulk 15 rear side 11 front emitter 35 front contact 34 Si bulk 18 rear side 13 front emitter 45 front contact 14 Si bulk 24 rear side 17 Passivating contact is a key technology for solar cells going beyond 25 efficiency. At present, the solution of passivating contacts for PV industry is not yet standardized. Demonstration of best laboratory i-TOPCon bifacial cell with 24.58 efficiency， independently confirmed by the ISFH CalTeC in Germany.